Editing Albert Einstein (section)

=== 1905 – ''Annus Mirabilis'' papers ===
The [[Annus mirabilis papers|''Annus Mirabilis'' papers]] are four articles pertaining to the photoelectric effect (which gave rise to [[quantum mechanics|quantum theory]]), [[Brownian motion]], the [[special theory of relativity]], and [[Mass–energy equivalence|''E''{{nbs}}={{nbs}}''mc''<sup>2</sup>]] that Einstein published in the ''Annalen der Physik'' scientific journal in 1905. These four works contributed substantially to the foundation of [[History of physics#Modern physics|modern physics]] and changed views on [[space]], time, and [[matter]]. The four papers are:

{| class=wikitable
|-
! Title <small>(translated)</small> !!<small>Area of focus</small> !! Received !! Published !! Significance
|-
| "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light"<ref name=1905a>Einstein (1905a).</ref> || Photoelectric effect || 18 March || 9 June || Resolved an unsolved puzzle by suggesting that energy is exchanged only in discrete amounts ([[quantum|quanta]]).<ref name="1Jhcb"/> This idea was pivotal to the early development of quantum theory.<ref name="oJBvd"/>
|-
| "On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, as Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat"<ref>Einstein (1905c).</ref> || [[Brownian motion]] || 11 May || 18 July || Explained empirical evidence for the [[atomic theory]], supporting the application of [[statistical physics]].
|-
| "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies"<ref name=1905d>Einstein (1905d).</ref> || [[Special relativity]] || 30 June || 26{{nbs}}September || Reconciled [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell]]'s equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics by introducing changes to mechanics, resulting from analysis based on empirical evidence that the speed of light is independent of the motion of the observer.<ref name="RhZ8x"/>{{specify|reason=reliable sources claim that he was unaware of those empirical data and was motivated by the transormation properties of Maxwell's Equations.|date=August 2024}} Discredited the concept of a "[[luminiferous ether]]".<ref name="lhfJ9"/>
|-
| "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?"<ref>Einstein (1905e).</ref> || [[Mass–energy equivalence|{{nowrap|Matter–energy}} equivalence]] || 27{{nbs}}September || 21 November || Equivalence of matter and energy, ''E''{{nbs}}={{nbs}}''mc''<sup>2</sup>, the existence of "[[rest energy]]", and the basis of nuclear energy.
|}