Editing Yale University (section)

==Academics==
===Admissions===
Undergraduate admission to Yale College is considered "most selective" by ''[[U.S. News & World Report|U.S. News]]''.<ref name="U.S. News & World Report" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Pérez-Peña |first=Richard |title=Best, Brightest and Rejected: Elite Colleges Turn Away Up to 95% |date=April 8, 2014 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/09/us/led-by-stanfords-5-top-colleges-acceptance-rates-hit-new-lows.html |access-date=August 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720005739/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/09/us/led-by-stanfords-5-top-colleges-acceptance-rates-hit-new-lows.html |archive-date=July 20, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, Yale accepted 2,234 students to the Class of 2026 out of 50,015 applicants, for an acceptance rate of 4.46%.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fitzgerald |first=Jordan |date=March 31, 2022 |title=Yale admits 2,234 students, acceptance rate shrinks to 4.46 percent |newspaper=Yale Daily News |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2022/03/31/yale-admits-2234-students-acceptance-rate-shrinks-to-4-46-percent/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113021049/https://oir.yale.edu/sites/default/files/cds_2017-2018.pdf |archive-date=November 13, 2018}}</ref> 98% of students graduate within six years.<ref name="2013YCBN" />

Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants, and the university is [[need-blind]] for both domestic and international applicants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://admissions.yale.edu/faq/are-international-students-eligible-financial-aid-if-so-how-do-i-apply|title=Are international students eligible for financial aid? If so, how do I apply?|date=August 10, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223144306/http://admissions.yale.edu/faq/are-international-students-eligible-financial-aid-if-so-how-do-i-apply|archivedate=December 23, 2010|url-status=dead|publisher=Yale University}}</ref> Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was {{USD|46,395|long=no}}.<ref name="2013CDS"/> 15% of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution, and about 50% receive some form of financial aid.<ref name="2013YCBN">{{cite web |title=Yale College by the Numbers |publisher=Yale University Office of Institutional Research |date=2013 |url=http://oir.yale.edu/sites/default/files/Yale-College-By-the-Numbers_1.pdf |access-date=August 5, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810051151/http://oir.yale.edu/sites/default/files/Yale-College-By-the-Numbers_1.pdf |archive-date=August 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Zax |first=David |title=Wanted: smart students from poor families |date=Jan–Feb 2014 |magazine=Yale Alumni Magazine |url=http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/3801 |access-date=August 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054204/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/3801 |archive-date=August 8, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FinAidPolicy">{{cite web |url=http://admissions.yale.edu/financial-aid|title=Financial Aid |work=Yale College Admissions |access-date=January 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208131437/http://admissions.yale.edu/financial-aid |archive-date=February 8, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> About 16% of the Class of 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation, with an average debt of {{USD|13,000|long=no}} among borrowers.<ref name="2013YCBN" /> For 2019, Yale ranked second in enrollment of recipients of the [[National Merit Scholarship Program|National Merit $2,500 Scholarship]] (140 scholars).<ref>{{cite web|title=NMSC 2018–2019 Annual Report |url=https://www.nationalmerit.org/s/1758/images/gid2/editor_documents/annual_report.pdf?gid=2&pgid=61|publisher=National Merit Scholarship Corporation}}</ref>

Half of all Yale undergraduates are women, more than 39% are [[ethnic minority]] U.S. citizens (19% are underrepresented minorities), and 10.5% are [[international student]]s.<ref name="2013CDS">{{cite web |title=2013–14 Common Data Set |publisher=Yale University Office of Institutional Research |date=2013 |url=http://oir.yale.edu/sites/default/files/CDS2013_2014.pdf |access-date=August 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810051122/http://oir.yale.edu/sites/default/files/CDS2013_2014.pdf |archive-date=August 10, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 55% attended public schools and 45% attended private, religious, or international schools, and 97% of students were in the top 10% of their high school class.<ref name="2013YCBN" /> Every year, Yale College also admits a small group of [[non-traditional student]]s through the Eli Whitney Students Program.

===Collections===
[[File:Sterling Memorial Library 2, September 1, 2008.jpg|thumb|Yale University's [[Sterling Memorial Library]], as seen from [[Maya Lin]]'s sculpture, ''Women's Table''. The sculpture records the number of women enrolled at Yale over its history; female undergraduates were not admitted until 1969.]]

[[Yale University Library]], which holds over 15&nbsp;million volumes, is the second-largest university collection in the United States.<ref name="2013LibraryReport"/><ref>{{cite report |title=ARL Statistics 2011–2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Association of Research Libraries |page=53 |url=http://publications.arl.org/ARL-Statistics-2011-2012/ |access-date=July 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233302/http://publications.arl.org/ARL-Statistics-2011-2012/ |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The main library, [[Sterling Memorial Library]], contains about 4&nbsp;million volumes, and other holdings are dispersed at subject and location libraries.

Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The [[Beinecke Rare Book Library]] has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The [[Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library]] includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The [[Lewis Walpole Library]] contains the largest collection of 18th‑century British literary works. The [[Elizabethan Club]], technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale.

[[File:Le café de nuit (The Night Café) by Vincent van Gogh.jpeg|thumb|left|''[[The Night Café]]'', Vincent van Gogh, 1888, [[Yale University Art Gallery|Yale Art Gallery]]]]

Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The [[Yale University Art Gallery]], the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains more than 200,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartwout and Kahn buildings. The latter, [[Louis Kahn]]'s first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The [[Yale Center for British Art]], the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of [[Paul Mellon]] and is housed in another Kahn-designed building.

The [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]] in New Haven is used by school children and contains research collections in anthropology, archaeology, and the natural environment.

The [[Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments]], affiliated with the Yale School of Music, is perhaps the least-known of Yale's collections because its hours of opening are restricted.

The museums once housed the artifacts brought to the United States from [[Peru]] by Yale history professor [[Hiram Bingham III|Hiram Bingham]] in his Yale-financed expedition to [[Machu Picchu]] in 1912—when the removal of such artifacts was legal. The artifacts were restored to Peru in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zorthian |first=Julia |date=November 12, 2012 |title=Yale returns final Machu Picchu artifacts |publisher=Yale Daily News |location=New Haven, Connecticut |url= https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2012/11/12/yale-returns-final-machu-picchu-artifacts/ |access-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712093957/https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2012/11/12/yale-returns-final-machu-picchu-artifacts/ |archive-date=July 12, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Infobox US university ranking
<!-- U.S. rankings -->| Forbes = 4
| THE_WSJ = 3
| USNWR_NU = 5
| Wamo_NU = 8
<!-- Global rankings -->| ARWU_W = 11
| QS_W = 23
| THES_W = 10
| USNWR_W = 10
}}

=== Rankings ===
The ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Yale third among U.S. national universities for 2016,<ref name="U.S. News & World Report">{{cite magazine|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities |title=National University Rankings |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=November 7, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521210513/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities |archive-date=May 21, 2011}}</ref> as it had for each of the previous sixteen years. Yale University is [[Higher education accreditation in the United States|accredited]] by the [[New England Commission of Higher Education]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Connecticut Institutions – NECHE|publisher=[[New England Commission of Higher Education]]|url=https://www.neche.org/institutions/ct/|access-date=May 26, 2021|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512135503/https://www.neche.org/institutions/ct/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Internationally, Yale was ranked 11th in the 2016 [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]], tenth in the 2016–17 Nature Index<ref>{{cite web |title=Global universities ranked by a different measure|url=https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/global-universities-ranked-by-a-different-measure|website=Nature Index|date=June 8, 2017 |access-date=June 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918152341/https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/global-universities-ranked-by-a-different-measure |archive-date=September 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> for quality of scientific research output, and tenth in the 2016 CWUR World University Rankings.<ref>{{cite web|title=CWUR 2016 – World University Rankings |url=http://cwur.org/2016.php|website=CWUR|publisher=Center For World University Rankings|access-date=June 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304055218/http://cwur.org/2016.php|archive-date=March 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The university was also ranked sixth in the 2016 Times Higher Education (THE) Global University Employability Rankings<ref>{{cite web|title=Best universities for graduate jobs: Global University Employability Ranking 2016 |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/best-universities-graduate-jobs-global-university-employability-ranking-2016|website=THE|publisher=Times Higher Education |date=November 16, 2016 |access-date=June 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918160422/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/best-universities-graduate-jobs-global-university-employability-ranking-2016|archive-date=September 18, 2017}}</ref> and eighth in the Academic World Reputation Rankings.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Reputation Rankings 2016|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|website=timeshighereducation.com|date=April 21, 2016|publisher=Times Higher Education|access-date=June 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305000224/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|archive-date=March 5, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, it ranked 27th among the universities around the world by ''[[SCImago Institutions Rankings]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&country=all|title=SCImago Institutions Rankings – Higher Education – All Regions and Countries – 2020 – Overall Rank |website=www.scimagoir.com|access-date=June 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422183813/https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&country=all|archive-date=April 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Faculty, research, and intellectual traditions===
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2021}}
Yale is a member of the [[Association of American Universities]] (AAU) and is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities—Very high research activity".<ref>{{cite web |title=Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup |url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=130794 |publisher=Center for Postsecondary Education |website=carnegieclassifications.iu.edu |access-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727075914/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=130794 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[National Science Foundation]] ranked Yale 15th among American universities for research and development expenditures in 2021 with {{USD|1.16 billion|long=no}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universities Report Largest Growth in Federally Funded R&D Expenditures since FY 2011 {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation |url=https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf23303 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=ncses.nsf.gov|date=December 15, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zalaznick |first=Matt |date=2023-01-06 |title=Billion-dollar business: These are higher ed's top 30 R&D performers |url=https://universitybusiness.com/r-d-research-and-development-billion-dollar-top-30-college-university-higher-ed-spenders/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=University Business |language=en-US}}</ref>

Yale's current faculty include 67 members of the [[National Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="National Academy of Sciences">{{cite web |title=Member Profiles |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/|website=National Academy of Sciences|access-date=March 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326120054/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/|archive-date=March 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 55 members of the [[National Academy of Medicine]],<ref name="National Academy of Medicine" /> 8 members of the [[National Academy of Engineering]],<ref name="NAE Website">{{cite web|title=Members Directory |url=https://www.nae.edu/MembersSection/20412.aspx?id=20412|website=NAE Website|access-date=March 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324175403/https://www.nae.edu/MembersSection/20412.aspx?id=20412|archive-date=March 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and 187 members of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref name="American Academy of Arts and Sciences" /> The college is, after normalization for institution size, the tenth-largest baccalaureate source of [[doctorate|doctoral degree]] recipients in the United States, and the largest such source within the Ivy League.<ref name="Center College">{{cite web |url=https://web.centre.edu/ir/student/OverallBaccOrigins.pdf |title=Baccalaureate Origins Peer Analysis 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004904/https://web.centre.edu/ir/student/OverallBaccOrigins.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |publisher=Center College}}</ref> It also is a top 10 (ranked seventh) baccalaureate source (after normalization for the number of graduates) of some of the most notable scientists ([[Nobel Prize|Nobel]], [[Fields Medal|Fields]], [[Turing Award|Turing]] prizes, or membership in [[National Academy of Sciences]], [[National Academy of Engineering]], or [[National Academy of Medicine]]).<ref name="Wai-2015">{{Cite web |last1=Hsu |first1=Steve |last2=Wai |first2=Jonathan |title=These 25 schools are responsible for the greatest advances in science |url=https://qz.com/498534/these-25-schools-are-responsible-for-the-greatest-advances-in-science/ |access-date=November 15, 2021 |website=Quartz |date=September 10, 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the [[New Criticism]] movement. Of the New Critics, [[Robert Penn Warren]], [[W.K. Wimsatt]], and [[Cleanth Brooks]] were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American [[deconstruction]]. [[Jacques Derrida]], the father of deconstruction, taught at the department of comparative literature from the late 1970s to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called "[[Yale school (deconstruction)|Yale School]]". These included [[Paul de Man]] who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, [[J.&nbsp;Hillis Miller]], [[Geoffrey Hartman]] (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and [[Harold Bloom]] (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians [[C.&nbsp;Vann Woodward]] and [[David Brion Davis]] are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of [[American South|southern]] historians; likewise, [[David Montgomery (historian)|David Montgomery]], a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th&nbsp;century. The ''Journal of Music Theory'' was founded there in 1957; [[Allen Forte]] and [[David Lewin]] were influential teachers and scholars.

Since the late 1960s, Yale produces social sciences and policy research through its Yale Institution for Social and Policy Studies (ISPS).

In addition to eminent faculty members, Yale research relies heavily on the presence of roughly 1200 [[postdoctoral researcher|Postdocs]] from various national and international origin working in the multiple laboratories in the sciences, social sciences, humanities, and professional schools of the university. The university progressively recognized this working force with the recent creation of the Office for Postdoctoral Affairs and the [[Yale Postdoctoral Association]].