Editing X-ray (section)

==Other uses==
Other notable uses of X-rays include:
[[File:X-ray diffraction pattern 3clpro.jpg|thumb|upright|Each dot, called a reflection, in this diffraction pattern forms from the constructive interference of scattered X-rays passing through a crystal. The data can be used to determine the crystalline structure.]]{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
* [[X-ray crystallography]] in which the pattern produced by the [[diffraction]] of X-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analysed to reveal the nature of that lattice. A related technique, [[fiber diffraction]], was used by [[Rosalind Franklin]] to discover the [[double helix|double helical]] structure of [[DNA]].<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Kasai N, Kakudo, M |title= X-ray diffraction by macromolecules |publisher= Kodansha |date= 2005 |location= Tokyo |pages= 291–2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_y5hM5_vx0EC&pg=PA291 |isbn= 978-3-540-25317-4}}</ref>
* [[X-ray astronomy]], an observational branch of [[astronomy]] that studies X-ray emission from celestial objects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=X-ray astronomy {{!}} X-ray Sources, Celestial Objects & Galaxies {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/X-ray-astronomy |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[X-ray microscope|X-ray microscopic]] analysis, which uses [[electromagnetic radiation]] in the soft X-ray band to produce images of very small objects.{{fact|date=April 2025}}
* [[X-ray fluorescence]], a phenomenon that occurs when a sample is hit with high-energy X-rays. The sample [[Fluorescence|fluoresces]] with a radiation profile that is characteristic of its atomic makeup. This provides a means for non-destructive analysis of many different things.<ref name="Analytical Chemistry">{{cite journal | vauthors = Monico L, Van der Snickt G, Janssens K, De Nolf W, Miliani C, Verbeeck J, Tian H, Tan H, Dik J, Radepont M, Cotte M | display-authors = 6 | title = Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy and related methods. 1. Artificially aged model samples | journal = Analytical Chemistry | volume = 83 | issue = 4 | pages = 1214–1223 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21314201 | doi = 10.1021/ac102424h | bibcode = 2011AnaCh..83.1214M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Monico L, Van der Snickt G, Janssens K, De Nolf W, Miliani C, Dik J, Radepont M, Hendriks E, Geldof M, Cotte M | display-authors = 6 | title = Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy and related methods. 2. Original paint layer samples | journal = Analytical Chemistry | volume = 83 | issue = 4 | pages = 1224–1231 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21314202 | doi = 10.1021/ac1025122 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-15 |title=X ray spectrometry |url=https://www.iaea.org/topics/x-ray-spectrometry |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.iaea.org |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Industrial radiography]] uses X-rays for inspection of industrial parts, particularly [[welding|welds]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2024 |title=Industrial radiography |url=https://www.iaea.org/topics/industrial-radiography#:~:text=Industrial%20radiography%20for%20non%2Ddestructive,may%20not%20be%20otherwise%20visible. |access-date=March 2, 2025 |website=IAEA |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency}}</ref>
* [[Radiography of cultural objects]], most often X-rays of paintings to reveal [[underdrawing]], [[pentimenti]] alterations in the course of painting or by later restorers, and sometimes previous paintings on the support. Many [[pigment]]s such as [[lead white]] show well in radiographs.{{cn|date=December 2024}}
[[File:Using X-ray for authentication and quality control in electronics industry.jpg|thumb|Using X-ray for inspection and quality control: the differences in the structures of the die and bond wires reveal the left chip to be counterfeit.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1117/12.2228684 |chapter=Advanced terahertz techniques for quality control and counterfeit detection |title=Terahertz Physics, Devices, and Systems X: Advanced Applications in Industry and Defense |date=2016 |editor-last1=Anwar |editor-last2=Crowe |editor-last3=Manzur |editor-first1=Mehdi F. |editor-first2=Thomas W. |editor-first3=Tariq |last1=Ahi |first1=Kiarash |last2=Anwar |first2=Mehdi |volume=9856 |pages=98560G }}</ref>]]
* Authentication and quality control of packaged items.
* [[Industrial CT]] (computed tomography), a process that uses X-ray equipment to produce three-dimensional representations of components both externally and internally. This is accomplished through computer processing of projection images of the scanned object in many directions.{{cn|date=December 2024}}
* [[Airport security]] luggage scanners use X-rays for inspecting the interior of luggage for security threats before loading on aircraft.{{cn|date=December 2024}}
* {{visible anchor|Border control|text=[[Border control]]}} truck scanners and [[NYPD X-ray vans|domestic police departments]] use X-rays for inspecting the interior of trucks.{{cn|date=December 2024}}
[[File:X-RayOfNeedlefish-1.jpg|thumb|upright|X-ray fine art photography of [[needlefish]] by [[Peter Dazeley]]]]
* X-ray art and [[fine art photography]], artistic use of X-rays, for example the works by [[Stane Jagodič]]{{cn|date=December 2024}}
* X-ray [[hair removal]], a method popular in the 1920s but now banned by the FDA.<ref name="milday">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAFSBBLU_UUC&pg=PT250 |title=Milady's Hair Removal Techniques: A Comprehensive Manual |author=Bickmore, Helen |isbn=978-1401815554 |date=2003 |publisher=Thomson Delmar Learning }}</ref>
* [[Shoe-fitting fluoroscope]]s were popularized in the 1920s, banned in the US in the 1960s, in the UK in the 1970s, and later in continental Europe.{{cn|date=December 2024}}
* [[Roentgen stereophotogrammetry]] is used to track movement of bones based on the implantation of markers{{cn|date=December 2024}}
* [[X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy]] is a chemical analysis technique relying on the [[photoelectric effect]], usually employed in [[surface science]]{{cn|date=December 2024}}.
* [[Radiation implosion]] is the use of high energy X-rays generated from a fission explosion (an [[A-bomb]]) to compress nuclear fuel to the point of fusion ignition (an [[H-bomb]]).{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}
* In 2024, Saw Wai Hla of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory was selected by the Falling Walls Foundation as the Science Breakthrough of the Year award winner in the physical sciences category for his team's work on the use of X-rays in single atom-molecule manipulation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-25 |title=Argonne physicist honored with 2024 Science Breakthrough of the Year |url=https://www.anl.gov/article/argonne-physicist-honored-with-2024-science-breakthrough-of-the-year |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Argonne National Laboratory |language=en}}</ref>