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== References == === Notes === {{Notelist }} === Footnotes === {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |title=The Making of the Second World War |last=Adamthwaite |first=Anthony P. |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-415-90716-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofsecondwo00adam_0 }} * {{cite book|title=The Republic in Danger: General Maurice Gamelin and the Politics of French Defence, 1933–1940|last=Alexander|first=Martin S.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-52429-2}} * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|ASB|1922}} |title=Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919 |year=1922 |location=Bruxelles |trans-title=Statistical Yearbook of Belgium and the Belgian Congo 1915–1919 (no oclc)}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924027816820|title=The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary|last=Ayres|first=L. P.|date=1 August 1919|publisher=United States War Department, General Staff|edition=2nd [online]|location=Washington, DC|oclc=869902118|access-date=4 March 2017}} * {{cite book|title=Field Artillery and Firepower|last=Bailey|first=Jonathan B. A.|year=2004 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |isbn=978-1-59114-029-0 |edition=2nd|series=AUSA Institute of Land Warfare book}} * {{cite book |last=Baldwin |first=Hanson |title=World War I: An Outline History |year=1962 |publisher=Hutchinson |location=London |oclc=988365 }} * {{cite book|title=Beneath Flanders Fields: The Tunnellers' War, 1914–1918 |last1=Barton |first1=Peter |last2=Doyle |first2=Peter |last3=Vandewalle |first3=Johan |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7735-2949-6}} * {{cite book|title=Fields of Battle: Terrain in Military History |last=Bostyn |first=Franky |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-4020-0433-9 |chapter=Zero Hour: Historical Note on the British Underground War in Flanders, 1915–17 |editor1-last=Doyle |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Bennett |editor2-first=Matthew R.}} * {{cite book|title=Aces and Aircraft of World War I|last=Campbell|first=Christopher|publisher=Blandford Press |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-7137-0954-4 |location=Dorset}} * {{cite book |last=Carlyon |first=Les |year=2006 |title=The Great War |publisher=MacMillan Australia |location=Sydney, New South Wales |isbn=978-1-4050-3799-0 }} * {{cite book|title=Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914–1918 |last1=Chickering |first1=Roger |last2=Förster |first2=Stig |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-77352-2}} * {{cite book|title=The World Crisis|last=Churchill|first=W. S. |orig-year=1923–1929 |year=1938 |publisher=Odhams Press |location=London |oclc=4945014}} * {{cite book|title=With Snow on Their Boots: The Tragic Odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France During World War I |last=Cockfield |first=Jamie H. |publisher=Macmillan |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-312-22082-2}} * {{cite book|title=Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action, Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action (1917) |publisher=Military Press|year=2001|orig-year=1917 |isbn=978-0-85420-250-8 |editor-last=Corkerry|editor-first=S. |edition=repr. |location=Milton Keynes}} * {{cite book|title=Strategy and Intelligence: British Policy During the First World War |last1=Dockrill |first1=Michael L. |last2=French |first2=David |publisher=Continuum |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-85285-099-9}} * {{cite book|title=Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War|author1-link=Robert A. Doughty|last=Doughty|first=R. A. |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2005|isbn=978-0-674-01880-8|location=Cambridge, MA}} * {{cite book |series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |title=Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele) |last=Edmonds |first=J. E.|publisher=Imperial War Museum and Battery Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-89839-166-4 |volume=II |location=Nashville, TN |orig-year=1948 |author-link=James Edward Edmonds}} * {{cite book|title=Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918 May–July: The German Diversion Offensives and the First Allied Counter-Offensive|last=Edmonds|first=J. E.|publisher=Macmillan|year=1994|isbn=978-0-89839-211-1|edition=Imperial War Museum and Battery Press|series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents By Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence|volume=III|location=London |orig-year=1939}} * {{cite book|title=1918: Year of Victory: The End of the Great War and the Shaping of History |last=Ekins |first=Ashley |publisher=Exisle |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-921497-42-1 }} * {{cite book|title=The World War I Databook|last=Ellis|first=John|publisher=Aurum Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-1-85410-766-4 |location=London}} * {{cite book |title=The World War I Databook |last=Ellis |first=John |date=2001 |publisher=Aurum Press |isbn=978-1-85410-766-4 |location=London}} * {{cite book|title=German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916 |last=Foley |first=R. T. |publisher=CUP |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-04436-3 |location=Cambridge |orig-year=2005}} * {{cite book|title=The Conduct of War, 1789–1961: A Study of the Impact of the French, Industrial and Russian Revolutions on War and its Conduct|last=Fuller|first=John F. C.|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-306-80467-0|location=New York |author-link=J. F. C. Fuller}} * {{cite book|title=Canada and the Two World Wars|last1=Granatstein|first1=Jack|last2=Morton|first2=Desmond |publisher=Key Porter |year=2003|isbn=978-1-55263-509-4|location=Toronto}} * {{cite book|title=The Cost of the World War to Germany and to Austria-Hungary|last1=Grebler|first1=L. |last2=Winkler|first2=W. |publisher=Yale University Press for Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Division of Economics and History |year=1940 |series=Economic and Social History of the World War. Supplementary Volumes |location=New Haven, CT |oclc=254453292}} * {{cite book|title=Chronicle of the First World War: 1917–21|last=Gray|first=Randal|publisher=Facts on File |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8160-2139-0 |volume=II |location=Oxford/New York}} * {{cite book|title=Fortifications of the Western Front 1914–18 |last=Griffith |first=Paddy |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84176-760-4}} * {{cite book|title=Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–18|last=Griffith|first=Paddy|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|location= New Haven|isbn=978-0-300-06663-0}} * {{cite book|title=The Great War|last=Griffiths|first=William R. |publisher=Avery |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-89529-312-1 |location=Wayne, NJ |editor-last=Griess |editor-first=Thomas E.}} * {{cite book |title=The Great War |last=Griffiths |first=William R. |publisher=Square One |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7570-0158-1}} * {{cite book|title=The Origins of World War I|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-521-81735-6 |editor1-last=Hamilton |editor1-first=Richard F. |editor2-last=Herwig |editor2-first=Holger H.}} * {{cite book|first=Peter |last=Hart |title=Bloody April: Slaughter in the Skies over Arras, 1917 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |place=London |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-297-84621-5 }} * {{cite book|title=The Battles of the British Expeditionary Forces, 1914–1915: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography |last=Hartesveldt |first=Fred R. van |publisher=Greenwood |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-313-30625-9 |series=Bibliographies of Battles and leader |issue=25}} * {{cite journal |last=Hersch |first=L. |year=1927 |title=La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- |journal=The International Review of Statistics |volume=VII |trans-title=Causes of Death in the First World War}} * {{cite book|title=The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914–1918|last=Herwig|first=Holger H.|publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=London |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-340-67753-7}} * {{cite book|title=Forging the Collective Memory|last=Herwig|first=Holger |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-57181-862-1 |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=Keith |chapter=Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany After the Great War}} * {{cite book |title=German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial |last1=Horne |first1=John N. |last2=Kramer |first2=Alan |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-300-08975-2 |location=Newhaven, CT |url=https://archive.org/details/germanatrocities00horn }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Hosch |editor-first=William |title=World War I: People, Politics, and Power |publisher=Britannica Educational |year=2010 |location=New York |isbn=978-1-61530-048-8 }} * {{cite book|title=Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany|last=Hull|first=Isabel V. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-84193-1 |author-link=Isabel V. Hull}} * {{cite book |chapter=Les tués et les disparus |publisher=Berger-Levrault, 1923–25 |others=Part II |author=International Labour Office |title=Enquête sur la production. Rapport général |trans-title=Survey of production. General Report |volume=4 |location=Paris et al. |oclc=6445561 |ref={{harvid|ILO|1925}} |language=fr |trans-chapter=The Dead and the Missing}} * {{cite book|title=France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944|last=Jackson|first=J.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-19-820706-1|location=London|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/france00juli}} * {{cite thesis|last=Jones|first=Ian|date=May 2019|title=The Austro-Hungarian Divisions on the Western Front, 1918|publisher=Ohio State University|access-date=6 March 2019|url=https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/87594/OUDadWF_1918_Thesis.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y|archive-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319013924/https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/87594/OUDadWF_1918_Thesis.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|title=World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment |last=Jones |first=Simon |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84603-151-9}} * {{cite book|title=World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment |last1=Jones |first1=Simon |last2=Hook |first2=Richard |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |year=2007|isbn=978-1-84603-151-9}} * {{cite book|title=The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers|last=Kennedy|first=Paul|publisher=Vintage Books |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-679-72019-5}} * {{cite book|title=To the Threshold of Power, 1922/33: Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and National Socialist Dictatorships |last=Knox |first=MacGregor |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-87860-9 |volume=I}} * {{cite book |last=Liddle |first=P. H. |title=Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres |year=1997 |publisher=Pen & Sword |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-0-85052-588-5}} * {{cite book |last=Liddle |first=Peter |title=Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres |year=2013 |publisher=Leo Cooper |location=London |isbn=978-1-4738-1708-1 }} * {{cite book |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a563816.pdf |title=The Dynamics of Doctrine, The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War |last=Lupfer |first=Timothy T. |date=July 1981 |series=Leavenworth Papers |issue=4 |publisher=US Army Command and General Staff College |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |oclc=784236109 |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304004811/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a563816.pdf |url-status=live }} * {{cite book|title=World War I: A Short History|last=Lyons|first=Michael J.|publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-13-020551-3 |edition=2nd}} * {{cite book |title=The American Heritage History of World War I |last=Marshall |first=Samuel L. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1964 |location=American Heritage |author-link=Samuel Lyman Atwood Marshall |isbn=978-0-517-38555-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00mars }} * {{cite book|title=Verdun 1916: They Shall Not Pass |last=Martin |first=William |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-85532-993-5}} * {{cite book |title=Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea |last=Massie |first=Robert K.|author-link=Robert K. Massie |publisher=Ballantine Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-345-40878-5 |location=New York |title-link=Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea }} * {{cite thesis|last1=Massimiliano|first1=Fassero|year=2015|title=The II Italian Corps deployment on the Western Front during the First World War (April 1918 – May 1919)|type=Master's Thesis|location=Fort Leavenworth, KS|publisher=U.S. Army Command and General Staff College|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a623275.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121055538/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a623275.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=21 January 2020|access-date=6 March 2019}} * {{cite web |url=http://members.aol.com/begemot/legion/lrmarne.htm |title=The Volunteers of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in the Moroccan Division during the Second Battle of Marne |access-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119212837/http://members.aol.com/begemot/legion/lrmarne.htm |archive-date=19 January 2008 |url-status=dead |last=Maurel |first=Henri |year=2001 }} * {{cite book |title=Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme |last=Miles |first=W. |publisher=Macmillan |year=1992 |orig-year=1938 |isbn=978-0-901627-76-6 |edition=Imperial War Museum and Battery Press |series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |volume=II |location=London}} * {{cite book |title=Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The Battle of Cambrai |last=Miles |first=W. |publisher=[[HMSO]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-89839-162-6 |edition=Imperial War Museum & Battery Press |series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |volume=III}} * {{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Justin |title= Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918: An illustrated History of their Impact |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1-85109-488-2}} * {{cite book|last=Neiberg|first=Michael S.|author-link=Michael S. Neiberg|title=Foch: Supreme Allied Commander in the Great War|year=2003|publisher=Potomac Books|location=Dulles|isbn=978-1-57488-551-4|url=https://archive.org/details/fochsupremeallie00neib}} * {{cite book |last=Neiberg |first=Michael |title=Warfare and Society in Europe: 1898 to the Present |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York and London |isbn= 978-0-41532-718-3}} * {{cite book |last=Neiberg|first=Michael|year=2008 |title=The Western Front 1914–1916: The History of World War I: From the Schlieffen Plan to Verdun and the Somme |publisher=Amber Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-906626-12-9}} * {{cite book |title=Seeking Victory on the Western Front: The British Army and Chemical Warfare in World War I |last=Palazzo |first=Albert |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8032-8774-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/seekingvictoryon00albe }} * {{cite book |title=The Somme |last1=Prior |first1=Robin |last2=Wilson |first2=Trevor |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-300-10694-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/somme00prio }} * {{cite book |last=Rawson |first=Andrew |title=The Somme Campaign |year=2014 |publisher=Pen & Sword |location= Barnsley |isbn=978-1-78303-051-4}} * {{cite book |title=Chemical Soldiers: British Gas Warfare in World War I |last=Richter |first=D. |publisher=Leo Cooper |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-85052-388-1 |location=London}} * {{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=James Harvey |last2=Beard |first2=Charles A. |author-link1=James Harvey Robinson |author-link2=Charles A. Beard |year=1930 |title=The Development Of Modern Europe. Volume II: The Merging Of European Into World History |publisher=Ginn and Company |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentofmod007381mbp }} * {{cite book |title=Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888–1918 |last=Samuels |first=Martin |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-7146-4570-4}} * {{cite book |last=Sheffield|first=Gary|year=2002|orig-year=2001|title=Forgotten Victory: The First World War: Myths and Realities |publisher=Headline Book Publishing |location=London |edition=Reprinted |isbn=978-0-7472-7157-4}} * {{cite book |last=Sheffield |first=Gary |year=2014 |title=Command and Morale: The British Army on the Western Front 1914–1918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDIRBQAAQBAJ&q=Vimy+Ridge+losses+greater+than+any+battle+before+1918&pg=PT87 |publisher=Praetorian Press |edition=eBook |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire |isbn=978-1-4738-3466-8 }} * {{cite book|title=The German Army at Passchendaele|last=Sheldon|first= J.|publisher=Pen and Sword Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84415-564-4 |location=London}} * {{cite book |title=The German Army on the Western Front 1915 |last=Sheldon |first=J. |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84884-466-7 |location=Barnsley}} * {{cite book|title=France and the Great War, 1914–1918|last1=Smith|first1=Leonard V.|last2=Audoin-Rouzeau |first2=Stéphane |last3=Becker |first3=Annette |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-66631-2 |series=New Approaches to European History}} * {{cite book|title=The Illustrated Directory of Fighters|last=Spick|first=Mike|publisher=Zenith Imprint |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7603-1343-5}} * {{cite book|title=1914–1918: The History of the First World War|last=Stevenson|first=D.|publisher=Allen Lane |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-14-026817-1 |edition=pbk. Penguin |location=London |orig-year=2004}} * {{cite book|title=The First World War: To Arms |last=Strachan |first=H. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-926191-8 |volume=I |location=Oxford}} * {{cite book |title=Mons: The Retreat to Victory |last=Terraine |first=John |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |location=London |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84022-243-2}} * {{cite book| last1=Tucker| first1=Spencer| last2=Wood| first2=Laura M.| last3=Murphy| first3=Justin D.| title=The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia| pages=783| year=1999| publisher=Taylor & Francis| isbn=978-0-8153-3351-7| oclc=40417794| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC| access-date=8 July 2018| archive-date=17 February 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217085008/https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC| url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C. |last2=Roberts |first2=Priscilla Mary |title=Encyclopedia of World War I |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-Clio |year=2005 |isbn=1-85109-420-2}} * {{cite book |last=Uffindell|first=Andrew|year=2015 |title=The Nivelle Offensive and the Battle of the Aisne 1917: A Battlefield Guide to the Chemin des Dames |publisher=Pen and Sword |location=Barsnley |isbn=978-1-78303-034-7}} * {{cite book |last=War Office |first=The |title=Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920 |publisher=HMSO |year=1922 |location=London |oclc=924169428 |url=https://archive.org/details/statisticsofmili00grea |access-date=4 March 2017 }} * {{cite book |title=The Battle of Loos |last=Warner |first=Philip |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-84022-229-6 |series=Wordsworth Military History}} * {{cite book|title=Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914–1918 |last=Watson |first=Alexander |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-88101-2 |series=Cambridge military histories}} * {{cite book |title=Haig: The Evolution of a Commander |last=Wiest |first=Andrew A. |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-57488-684-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/haig00andr }} * {{cite book |title=Canadian Airmen and the First World War |last=Wise |first=S. F. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-8020-2379-7 |series=The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force |volume=I |location=Toronto}} * {{cite book |title=If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West |last=Wynne |first=G. C. |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-8371-5029-1 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=New York |orig-year=1939}} * {{cite book |title=The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I|last=Zuckerman|first=Larry |publisher=New York University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8147-9704-4 |location=New York}} {{Refend}}
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