Editing Vocative case (section)

====Czech====
In [[Czech language|Czech]], the vocative ({{lang|cs|vokativ}}, or {{lang|cs|5. pád}} – {{gloss|the fifth case}}) usually differs from the nominative in masculine and feminine nouns in the singular.

{| class="wikitable"
 ![[Nominative case]]
 !Vocative case
 !Gloss
 |-
 ! colspan=3 | Feminine
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|paní Eva}} 
 |{{lang|cs|paní Ev'''o'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Ms Eve}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|knížka}}
 |{{lang|cs|knížk'''o'''!}}
 |{{gloss|little book}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|Marie}}
 |{{lang|cs|Marie!}}
 |{{gloss|Mary}}
|-
 |{{lang|cs|nová píseň}}
 |{{lang|cs|nová písn'''i'''!}}
 |{{gloss|new song}}
 |-
 ! colspan=3 | Masculine
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|pan {{Not a typo|profesor}}}}
 |{{lang|cs|pan'''e''' profesor'''e'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Mr Professor}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|Ježíš}}
 |{{lang|cs|Ježíš'''i'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Jesus}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|Marek}}
 |{{lang|cs|Mark'''u'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Mark}}
|-
 |{{lang|cs|předseda}}
 |{{lang|cs|předsed'''o'''!}}
 |{{gloss|chairman}}
|-
 |{{lang|cs|pan žalobce}}
 |{{lang|cs|pan'''e''' žalobce!}}
 |{{gloss|Mr complainant}}
|-
 |{{lang|cs|blbec}}
 |{{lang|cs|blbč'''e'''!}}
 |{{gloss|dunce}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|Jiří}}
 |{{lang|cs|Jiří!}}
 |{{gloss|George}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|pan Dobrý}}
 |{{lang|cs|pan'''e''' Dobrý!}}
 |{{gloss|Mr Good}}
 |-
 ! colspan=3 | Neuter
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|moje rodné město}}
 |{{lang|cs|moje rodné město!}}
 |{{gloss|my native city}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|jitřní moře}}
 |{{lang|cs|jitřní moře!}}
 |{{gloss|morning sea}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|otcovo obydlí}}
 |{{lang|cs|otcovo obydlí!}}
 |{{gloss|father's dwelling}}
|-
|}

In older common Czech (19th century), vocative form was sometimes replaced by nominative form in case of female names ({{lang|cs|Lojzka, dej pokoj!}}) and in case of male nouns past a title ({{lang|cs|pane učitel!}}, {{lang|cs|pane továrník!}}, {{lang|cs|pane Novák!}}). This phenomenon was caused mainly by the German influence,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Vilém |last=Mathesius |url=http://nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?art=2022 |title=Nominativ místo vokativu v hovorové češtině |journal=Naše řeč |volume=7 |year=1923 |issue=5 |pages=138–140 |language=cs}}</ref> and almost disappeared from the modern Czech. It can be felt as rude, discourteous or uncultivated, or as familiar, and is associated also with Slovakian influence (from the Czechoslovak Army) or Russian.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tereza |last=Filinová |url=https://www.radio.cz/cz/rubrika/cestina/paty-pad-jde-to-z-kopce |title=Pátý pád: jde to z kopce? |work=Radio Prague International |date=9 September 2007}}</ref> In informal speech, it is common (but grammatically incorrect<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rozhlas.cz/plzen/jazykovykoutek/_zprava/oslovovani-v-cestine--908154 |first1=Květa |last1=Bodollová |first2=Martin |last2=Prošek |work=Český Rozhlas |title= Oslovování v češtině |date=31 May 2011 }}</ref>) to use the male [[surname]] (see also [[Czech name]]) in the nominative to address men: ''pane Novák!'' instead of ''pane Nováku!'' (Female surnames are [[adjective]]s, and their nominative and vocative have the same form: see [[Czech declension]].) Using the vocative is strongly recommended in official and written styles.