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==== Denial of cardiovascular health claims ==== In 2001, the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] rejected proposed health claims for vitamin E and cardiovascular health.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm073251.htm |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20171115122059/https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm073251.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 November 2017 |title=Letter regarding dietary supplement health claim for vitamin E and heart disease (Docket No 99P-4375) |website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref> The U.S. National Institutes of Health reviewed literature published up to 2008 and concluded "In general, clinical trials have not provided evidence that routine use of vitamin E supplements prevents cardiovascular disease or reduces its morbidity and mortality."<ref name="GOVe" /> The [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) reviews proposed health claims for the [[European Union]] countries. In 2010, the EFSA reviewed and rejected claims that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the dietary intake of vitamin E and maintenance of normal cardiac function or of normal blood circulation.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1816 |title=Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin E and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 160, 162, 1947), maintenance of the normal function of the immune system (ID 161, 163), maintenance of normal bone (ID 164), maintenance of normal teeth (ID 164), maintenance of normal hair (ID 164), maintenance of normal skin (ID 164), maintenance of normal nails (ID 164), maintenance of normal cardiac function (ID 166), maintenance of normal vision by protection of the lens of the eye (ID 167), contribution to normal cognitive function (ID 182, 183), regeneration of the reduced form of vitamin C (ID 203), maintenance of normal blood circulation (ID 216) and maintenance of normal a scalp (ID 2873) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 |journal=EFSA Journal |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=1816 |year=2010 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref>
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