Editing Vancomycin (section)

== History ==
Vancomycin was first isolated in 1953 by [[Edmund Kornfeld]] (working at [[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly]]) from a bacteria in a soil sample collected from the interior jungles of [[Borneo]] by a missionary, William M. Bouw.<ref name="Shnayerson">{{cite book | vauthors = Shnayerson M, Plotkin M | date = 2003 | title = The Killers Within: The Deadly Rise of Drug-Resistant Bacteria | publisher = Back Bay Books | isbn = 978-0-316-73566-7 }}</ref> The organism that produced it was eventually named ''[[Amycolatopsis orientalis]]''.<ref name="pmid16323120"/> The original indication for vancomycin was to treat penicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''.<ref name="pmid16323120"/><ref name="pmid16323117">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moellering RC | title = Vancomycin: a 50-year reassessment | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 42 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S3-4 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16323117 | doi = 10.1086/491708 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

The compound was initially called compound 05865, but was later given the generic name vancomycin, derived from the term "vanquish".<ref name="pmid16323120"/> One quickly apparent advantage was that staphylococci did not develop significant resistance, despite serial passage in culture media containing vancomycin. The rapid development of penicillin resistance by staphylococci led to its being fast-tracked for approval by the [[Food and Drug Administration]].<!-- (FDA) --> In 1958, Eli Lilly first marketed vancomycin hydrochloride under the trade name Vancocin.<ref name="pmid16323117"/>

Vancomycin never became the first-line treatment for ''S. aureus'' for several reasons:
# It possesses poor oral bioavailability, so must be given intravenously for most infections.
# β-Lactamase-resistant semisynthetic penicillins such as [[methicillin]] (and its successors, [[nafcillin]] and [[cloxacillin]]) were subsequently developed, which have better activity against non-MRSA staphylococci.
# Early trials used early, impure forms of the drug ("Mississippi mud"), which were found to be toxic to the [[inner ear]] and to the kidneys;<ref name="pmid7043707">{{cite journal | vauthors = Griffith RS | title = Introduction to vancomycin | journal = Reviews of Infectious Diseases | volume = 3 | issue = suppl | pages = S200-4 | year = 1981 | pmid = 7043707 | doi = 10.1093/clinids/3.Supplement_2.S200 }}</ref> these findings led to the relegation of vancomycin to a drug of last resort.<ref name="pmid16323117"/>

In 2004, Eli Lilly licensed Vancocin to [[ViroPharma]] in the U.S., Flynn Pharma in the UK, and [[Aspen Pharmacare]] in Australia. The [[patent]] expired in the early 1980s, and the FDA authorized the sale of several generic versions in the U.S., including from manufacturers Bioniche Pharma, [[Baxter Healthcare]], [[Sandoz]], [[Akorn]]-[[Strides Shasun|Strides]], and [[Hospira]].<ref name="Orange-Book-2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/tempai.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817081251/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/tempai.cfm|url-status=dead|title=Orange Book: Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations<!-- Bot generated title -->|archivedate=17 August 2016}}</ref>