Editing Urea (section)

====Conventional recycle processes====

In early "straight-through" urea plants, reactant recovery (the first step in "recycling") was done by letting down the system pressure to atmospheric to let the carbamate decompose back to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Originally, because it was not economic to recompress the ammonia and carbon dioxide for recycle, the ammonia at least would be used for the manufacture of other products such as [[ammonium nitrate]] or [[ammonium sulfate]], and the carbon dioxide was usually wasted. Later process schemes made recycling unused ammonia and carbon dioxide practical. This was accomplished by the "total recycle process", developed in the 1940s to 1960s and now called the "conventional recycle process". It proceeds by depressurizing the reaction solution in stages (first to 18–25 bar and then to 2–5 bar) and passing it at each stage through a steam-heated ''carbamate decomposer'', then recombining the resulting carbon dioxide and ammonia in a falling-film ''carbamate condenser'' and pumping the carbamate solution back into the urea reaction vessel.<ref name="Meessen 2012" />