Editing University of Notre Dame (section)

==Research==
[[File:University of Notre Dame Hallway.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=See caption |Hallway within Hurley Hall]]
Joseph Carrier, director of the Science Museum and the library, was a professor of chemistry and physics until 1874. Carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the [[Catholic Church]]. Notable researchers in the early history of the university include John Augustine Zahm, whose book book ''Evolution and Dogma'' (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true;<ref>Ralph Edward Weber, ''Notre Dame's John Zahm: American Catholic Apologist and Educator'' (1961)</ref> [[Albert Francis Zahm|Albert Zahm]], John's brother, who built an early [[wind tunnel]] to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models; Jerome Green, who became the first American to send a wireless message;<ref>{{cite news |title=The Apparatus for Wireless Telegraphy |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.101809173&view=1up&seq=842 |work=American Electrician |date=July 1899 |pages=344–346 |author=Jerome J. Green}}</ref> and [[Julius Nieuwland]], who performed early work on basic reactions that were used to create [[neoprene]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://graduateschool.nd.edu/html/research/history.html |title=History of Research at Notre Dame |publisher=University of Notre Dame |access-date=December 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107071047/http://graduateschool.nd.edu/html/research/history.html |archive-date=November 7, 2007}}</ref> The study of [[nuclear physics]] at the university began with the building of a [[Particle accelerator|nuclear accelerator]] in 1936,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://isnap.nd.edu/assets/186662/ |title=70 Years of Nuclear Physics at Notre Dame |publisher=University of Notre Dame |format=PDF |access-date=December 13, 2007}}</ref> and continues now partly through a partnership in the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinaweb.org/html/institutes.html |title=JINACEE Institutions |publisher=Jinaweb.org |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Mestrovic Pieta.jpg|thumbnail|alt=See caption |The [[Pietà (Mestrovic)|Pietà]] by [[Ivan Meštrović]], a European émigré]]
The rise of Hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced many Catholic intellectuals to flee Europe; President John O'Hara brought many of them to Notre Dame. [[Anton-Hermann Chroust]], in classics and law,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anton-Hermann Chroust |url=http://myweb.wvnet.edu/~jelkins/lp-2001/chroust.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129180206/http://myweb.wvnet.edu/~jelkins/lp-2001/chroust.html |archive-date=January 29, 2013 |access-date=October 21, 2019}}</ref> and Waldemar Gurian, a German Catholic intellectual of Jewish descent, came from Germany.<ref>{{cite journal |last=O'Malley |first=Frank |title=Waldemar Gurian at Notre Dame |journal=Review of Politics |volume=17 |issue=1 |date=January 1955 |pages=19–23 |jstor=1405095 |doi=10.1017/S0034670500012882 |s2cid=145792397}}</ref> Ivan Meštrović, a renowned sculptor, brought Croat culture to campus.<ref>See {{cite web |title=Ivan Meštrovic (1883–1962) |url=http://www.nd.edu/~ndethics/inspires/mestrovic.shtml |publisher=University of Notre Dame |date=2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706055637/http://www.nd.edu/~ndethics/inspires/mestrovic.shtml |archive-date=July 6, 2009 |access-date=October 21, 2019}}</ref> [[Yves Simon (philosopher)|Yves Simon]] brought the insights of French studies in the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition of philosophy to the university in the 1940s; his teacher, [[Jacques Maritain]], was a frequent visitor to campus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yves R. Simon (1903–61) |url=http://ethicscenter.nd.edu/inspires/simon.shtml |publisher=University of Notre Dame |date=2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111085025/http://ethicscenter.nd.edu/inspires/simon.shtml |archive-date=November 11, 2009 |access-date=October 21, 2019}}</ref> The exiles developed a distinctive emphasis on the evils of [[totalitarianism]].<ref>William S. Miller, "Gerhart Niemeyer: His Principles of Conservatism," ''[[Modern Age (periodical)|Modern Age]]'' 2007 49(3): 273–284 online at [[EBSCO Information Services|EBSCO]]</ref>
[[Richard T. Sullivan]] taught English from 1936 to 1974 and published six novels, dozens of short stories, and other works.<ref>Una M. Cadegan, "How Realistic Can a Catholic Writer Be? Richard Sullivan and American Catholic Literature," ''[[Religion & American Culture]]'' 1996 6(1): 35–61</ref> [[Frank O'Malley]] was an English professor during the 1930s–1960s, who developed a concept of Christian philosophy that was a fundamental element in his thought.<ref>Arnold Sparr, "The Catholic Laity, the Intellectual Apostolate and the Pre-Vatican II Church: Frank O'Malley of Notre Dame." ''U.S. Catholic Historian'' 1990 9(3): 305–320. 0735–8318</ref> In 1939, [[Waldemar Gurian]] founded ''[[The Review of Politics]]'', which quickly emerged as part of an international Catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=1406757 |title=After Forty Years: Notre Dame and the Review of Politcis |journal=[[The Review of Politics]] |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=437–446 |last1=Stritch |first1=Thomas |year=1978 |doi=10.1017/S0034670500046118|s2cid=263335167 }}</ref> The College of Arts and Letters is distinguished for its contributions in the field of theology and religious studies,<ref>{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings by Subject 2021: Theology, Divinity & Religious Studies |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2021/theology-divinity-religious-studies |access-date=August 29, 2021 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> while its affiliated Medieval Institute is the largest center for [[medieval studies]] in North America.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=About // Medieval Institute // University of Notre Dame |url=https://medieval.nd.edu/about/ |access-date=August 29, 2021 |website=Medieval Institute |language=en}}</ref>
The university has many multi-disciplinary research institutes, including the Medieval Institute, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Kroc Institute for International [[Peace and conflict studies|Peace Studies]], and the Center for Social Concerns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nd.edu/~research/Instctrs/index.htm |title=Research Institutes and Centers |publisher=University of Notre Dame |access-date=December 15, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213043036/http://www.nd.edu/~research/Instctrs/index.htm |archive-date=December 13, 2007}}</ref> Recent research includes work on family conflict and child development,<ref>{{cite news |author=Gilroy, William G. |url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=15763 |title=New studies confirm impact of parental conflict on children's future development |publisher=University of Notre Dame |date=February 2006 |access-date=March 8, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107070438/http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=15763 |archive-date=November 7, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Deveau, Scott |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060209.wkids0209/EmailBNStory/specialScienceandHealth/home |title=Marital conflict beats up kids |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=September 2006 |access-date=March 8, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116031739/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060209.wkids0209/EmailBNStory/specialScienceandHealth/home |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> [[genome project|genome mapping]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Gilroy, William G. |url=http://lumen.nd.edu/2007_06/BiologistDavidSeversonhelpsmapyellowfeverdenguemosquitogenome.shtml |title=Biologist David Severson helps map yellow fever/dengue mosquito genome |work=Lumen Magazine |date=June 2007 |access-date=December 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211045035/http://lumen.nd.edu/2007_06/BiologistDavidSeversonhelpsmapyellowfeverdenguemosquitogenome.shtml |archive-date=December 11, 2007}}</ref> the increasing [[Balance of trade|trade deficit]] of the United States with China,<ref>{{cite news |author=Friess, Steve |url=http://lumen.nd.edu/2006_07/TradeDeficitWithChina.shtml |title=The Rising Trade Deficit With China – A Different Perspective |work=[[Lumpen (magazine)|Lumen Magazine]] |date=July 2006 |access-date=December 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211045026/http://lumen.nd.edu/2006_07/TradeDeficitWithChina.shtml |archive-date=December 11, 2007}}</ref> studies in [[fluid mechanics]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~engineer/publications/news/corke.htm |title=Corke Honored for Research Achievements |publisher=University of Notre Dame |access-date=December 14, 2007}}</ref> [[computational science and engineering]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/pressreleases/psaap062713 |title=NNSA Announces Selection of Centers of Excellence for Academic Computational Science Partnerships |publisher=The National Nuclear Security Administration |access-date=January 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713030441/http://www.nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/pressreleases/psaap062713 |archive-date=July 13, 2013 }}</ref> [[supramolecular chemistry]],<ref>[http://www.mining.com/scientists-develop-technique-reduce-cost-environmental-impact-mining-precious-metal/ Leotaud, V. R.] "Scientists develop technique to reduce cost, environmental impact of mining precious metal", by Valentina Ruiz Leotaud, reporting on study published by the [[Journal of the American Chemical Society]], ''Mining.com'', June 10, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2018.</ref> and marketing trends on the Internet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nd.edu/~cba/011221/press/2006/07_betsey_moore_advertising_fr.shtml |title=Research: Study explores online marketing of food to children |publisher=University of Notre Dame |access-date=December 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211045056/http://www.nd.edu/~cba/011221/press/2006/07_betsey_moore_advertising_fr.shtml |archive-date=December 11, 2007}}</ref> {{as of|2013}}, the university was home to the [[Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index]], which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fosmoe |first1=Margaret |title=Notre Dame to be new home of climate change index |url=http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2013-04-18/news/38655705_1_global-adaptation-institute-climate-change-gain-index |website=[[South Bend Tribune]] |access-date=January 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110744/http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2013-04-18/news/38655705_1_global-adaptation-institute-climate-change-gain-index |archive-date=April 2, 2015 }}</ref>

In the fiscal 2019, the university received the all-time high research funding of $180.6&nbsp;million, an increase of $100&nbsp;million from 2009 and a 27 percent increase from the previous year, with funded projects including vector-borne diseases, urbanism, environmental design, cancer, psychology, economics, philosophy of religion, particle physics, nanotechnology, and hypersonics.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dame |first1=Marketing Communications: Web // University of Notre |title=Notre Dame announces significant growth in research funding |url=https://news.nd.edu/news/notre-dame-announces-significant-growth-in-research-funding/ |website=Notre Dame News |date=August 5, 2019 |access-date=October 29, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Notre Dame has a strong background in the humanities, with 65 [[National Endowment for the Humanities]] fellowships, more than any other university. Focus areas include anti-poverty economic strategy, the premier Medieval Institute, Latino studies, sacred music, Italian studies, Catholic studies, psychology, aging and stress, social good, and theology.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dame |first1=University of Notre |title=A Research Focus // College of Arts and Letters // University of Notre Dame |url=https://al.nd.edu/discover/a-research-focus/ |website=College of Arts and Letters |access-date=October 29, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In the sciences, research focuses and specialized centers include the Harper Cancer Research Institute, the Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, the Center for Nano Science and Technology, the Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, the Eck Institute for Global Health, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, the University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center, Topology and Quantum Field Theory, the Nuclear Physics Research Group, and the Environmental Change Initiative.<ref>{{cite web |title=Centers and Institutes // College of Science // University of Notre Dame |url=https://science.nd.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/ |website=science.nd.edu |access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref>