Editing Tuvalu (section)

===Demographics===
{{Main|Demographics of Tuvalu}}
{{see also|Women in Tuvalu}}

[[File:Population Distribution of Tuvalu by Age Group (2014).png|thumb|Population distribution of Tuvalu by age group (2014)]]

The population at the 2002 census was 9,561,<ref name=CSD>{{cite web |url=http://tuvalu.prism.spc.int/index.php/census-and-surveys |title=Census of Population and Housing and sample Surveys |year=2006 |publisher=Central Statistics Division – Government of Tuvalu |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813003925/https://tuvalu.prism.spc.int/index.php/census-and-surveys |url-status=live}}</ref> and the population at the 2017 census was 10,645.<ref name="1C2012">{{cite web |title=Population of communities in Tuvalu |publisher=world-statistics.org |date=11 April 2012 |url=http://tuvalu.popgis.spc.int/#l=en;i=ethnic.t_tuvaluan;v=map1;sid=39;z=717733,9074628,48863,33709;sly=eas_32760_xy_def_DR |access-date=20 March 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020216/http://tuvalu.popgis.spc.int/#l=en;i=ethnic.t_tuvaluan;v=map1;sid=39;z=717733,9074628,48863,33709;sly=eas_32760_xy_def_DR |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2C2012">{{cite web |title=Population of communities in Tuvalu |publisher=Thomas Brinkhoff |date=11 April 2012 |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Tuvalu.html |access-date=20 March 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124836/http://www.citypopulation.de/Tuvalu.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The most recent evaluation in 2020 puts the population at 11,342.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=TV |title=Population, total |website=The World Bank |access-date=21 October 2018 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130152233/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=TV |url-status=live}}</ref> The population of Tuvalu is primarily of [[Polynesians|Polynesian]] ethnicity, with approximately 5.6% of the population being [[Micronesians]] speaking [[Gilbertese language|Gilbertese]], especially on [[Nui (atoll)|Nui]].<ref name="1C2012"/>

Life expectancy for [[women in Tuvalu]] is 70.2 years and 65.6 years for men (2018 est.).<ref name="CIA"/> The country's population growth rate is 0.86% (2018 est.).<ref name="CIA"/> The net migration rate is estimated at −6.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.).<ref name="CIA"/> The threat of [[global warming in Tuvalu]] is not yet a dominant motivation for migration as Tuvaluans appear to prefer to continue living on the islands for reasons of lifestyle, culture and identity.<ref name="CMJB">{{cite journal |author1=Colette Mortreux |author2=Jon Barnett |name-list-style=amp |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222409088 |title=Climate change, migration and adaptation in Funafuti, Tuvalu |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=19 |year=2009 |issue=1 |pages=105–112 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.09.006 |bibcode=2009GEC....19..105M |access-date=17 September 2017 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115155358/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222409088 |url-status=live}}</ref>

From 1947 to 1983, a number of Tuvaluans from Vaitupu migrated to [[Kioa]], an island in Fiji.<ref name="LNKFK">{{cite book |last1=Lifuka |first1=Neli |editor-last1=Koch |editor-first1=Klaus-Friedrich |title=Logs in the current of the sea: Neli Lifuka's story of Kioa and the Vaitupu colonists |year=1978 |publisher=Australian National University Press/Press of the Langdon Associates |isbn=0708103626}}</ref> The settlers from Tuvalu were granted Fijian citizenship in 2005. In recent years, New Zealand and Australia have been the primary destinations for migration or seasonal work.

In 2014, attention was drawn to an appeal to the New Zealand Immigration and Protection Tribunal against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family on the basis that they were "[[climate migrant|climate change refugees]]", who would suffer hardship resulting from the [[environmental degradation]] of Tuvalu.<ref name=WP>{{cite news |last=Rick |first=Noack |title=Has the era of the 'climate change refugee' begun? |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=7 August 2014 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/08/07/has-the-era-of-the-climate-change-refugee-begun/ |access-date=11 February 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208193709/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/08/07/has-the-era-of-the-climate-change-refugee-begun/ |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the subsequent grant of residence permits to the family was made on grounds unrelated to the refugee claim.<ref name=PS>{{cite web |last=Rive |first=Vernon |title="Climate refugees" revisited: a closer look at the Tuvalu decision |publisher=Point Source |date=14 August 2014 |url=http://www.vernonrive.com/home/climate-refugees-revisited-a-closer-look-at-the-tuvalu-decision |access-date=2 March 2017 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004092203/http://www.vernonrive.com/home/climate-refugees-revisited-a-closer-look-at-the-tuvalu-decision |url-status=usurped}}</ref> The family was successful in their appeal because, under the relevant immigration legislation, there were "exceptional circumstances of a humanitarian nature" that justified the grant of resident permits, for the family was integrated into New Zealand society with a sizeable extended family that had effectively relocated to New Zealand.<ref name=PS/> Indeed, in 2013 a claim of a [[Kiribati]] man of being a [[Environmental migrant#Asia and the Pacific|"climate change refugee"]] under the [[Convention relating to the Status of Refugees]] (1951) was determined by the New Zealand High Court to be untenable, as there was no persecution or serious harm related to any of the five stipulated Refugee Convention grounds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vernonrive.com/home/climate-refugees-revisited-a-closer-look-at-the-tuvalu-decision |title="Climate refugees" revisited: a closer look at the Tuvalu decision |publisher=Point Source |date=14 August 2014 |author=Rive, Vernon |access-date=11 February 2015 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004092203/http://www.vernonrive.com/home/climate-refugees-revisited-a-closer-look-at-the-tuvalu-decision |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Permanent migration to Australia and New Zealand, such as for family reunification, requires compliance with the immigration legislation of those countries.<ref name=G17>{{cite web |last=Ben Doherty and Eleanor Ainge Roy |title=World Bank: let climate-threatened Pacific islanders migrate to Australia or NZ |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 May 2017 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/may/08/australia-and-nz-should-allow-open-migration-for-pacific-islanders-threatened-by-climate-says-report |access-date=8 May 2017}}</ref>

New Zealand announced the ''Pacific Access Category'' in 2001, which provided an annual quota of 75 work permits for Tuvaluans.<ref name=PAC>{{cite web |url=http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/government-announces-pacific-access-scheme |title=Government announces Pacific access scheme |date=20 December 2001 |publisher=Mark Gosche, Pacific Island Affairs Minister (NZ) |access-date=5 November 2011 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329083848/http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/government-announces-pacific-access-scheme |url-status=live}}</ref> The applicants register for the Pacific Access Category (PAC) ballots; the primary criterion is that the principal applicant must have a job offer from a New Zealand employer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas/apply-for-a-visa/about-visa/pacific-access-category-resident-visa |title=Pacific Access Category |date=20 December 2001 |publisher=Immigration New Zealand |access-date=5 November 2011 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329084027/https://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas/visas/visa/pacific-access-category-resident-visa |url-status=live}}</ref> Tuvaluans also have access to seasonal employment in the horticulture and viticulture industries in New Zealand under the ''Recognised Seasonal Employer'' (RSE) Work Policy introduced in 2007 allowing for employment of up to 5,000 workers from Tuvalu and other Pacific islands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/program/dwcp/download/tuvalu.pdf |title=Tuvalu – Decent work country program |date=11 May 2010 |publisher=International Labour Organization |access-date=5 November 2011 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329084217/http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/how-the-ilo-works/organigramme/program/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Tuvaluans can participate in the Australian ''Pacific Seasonal Worker Program'', which allows Pacific Islanders to obtain seasonal employment in the Australian agriculture industry, in particular, cotton and cane operations; fishing industry, in particular aquaculture; and with accommodation providers in the tourism industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deewr.gov.au/Employment/Programs/seasonalworker/Pages/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815092456/http://www.deewr.gov.au/Employment/Programs/seasonalworker/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=15 August 2012 |title=The Seasonal Worker Program |date=1 July 2012 |publisher=Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (Australia) |access-date=9 September 2012}}</ref>

On 10 November 2023, Tuvalu signed the Falepili Union, a [[Australia–Tuvalu relations|bilateral diplomatic relationship with Australia]], under which Australia will provide a pathway for citizens of Tuvalu to migrate to Australia, to enable [[Climate migration|climate-related mobility]] for Tuvaluans.<ref name=FalepiliTreaty1/><ref name="AUTFU1"/>