Editing Transhumanism (section)

== References ==
{{Reflist
|refs =
<ref Name="Coenen 2007">{{cite book | last = Coenen | first = Christopher | editor-first = Gerhard | editor-last = Banse | title = Assessing Societal Implications of Converging Technological Development | edition = 1st | publisher = edition sigma | location = Berlin | isbn = 978-3-89404-941-6 | pages = 141–172 | chapter = Utopian Aspects of the Debate on Converging Technologies | chapter-url = http://www.itas.fzk.de/deu/lit/epp/2007/coen07-pre01.pdf | year = 2007 | oclc = 198816396 | display-editors = etal | access-date = August 22, 2008 | archive-date = January 28, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110128151649/http://www.itas.fzk.de/deu/lit/epp/2007/coen07-pre01.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

<ref Name="Evans 2015">{{cite journal | last = Evans | first = Woody | author-link = Woody Evans | title = Posthuman Rights: Dimensions of Transhuman Worlds | journal = Teknokultura | publisher = Universidad Complutense, Madrid | date = 2015 | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 373–384 | doi = 10.5209/rev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072 | url = http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/TEKN/article/view/49072/46310 | access-date = December 5, 2016| doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref Name="Cultural Critique 2003">{{cite web | last = Badmington | first = Neil | title = Theorizing Posthumanism | work = Cultural Critique | date = Winter 2003 | url = http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/cultural_critique/v053/53.1badmington.html | access-date = December 10, 2007 }}</ref>

<ref Name="The Hedgehog Review 2002">{{cite web | author = Winner, Langdon| title = Are Humans Obsolete? | work = [[The Hedgehog Review]] | date = Fall 2002 | url = http://www.virginia.edu/iasc/HHR_Archives/Technology/4.3DWinner.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080910161220/http://www.virginia.edu/iasc/HHR_Archives/Technology/4.3DWinner.pdf |archive-date = September 10, 2008 | access-date = December 10, 2007 | author-link = Langdon Winner }}</ref>

<ref Name="Utne">{{cite web | last = Ford | first = Alyssa | title = Humanity: The Remix | work = [[Utne Magazine]] | date = May–June 2005 | url = http://www.utne.com/2005-05-01/humanity-the-remix.aspx | access-date = March 3, 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="AAR: Transhumanism and Religion Consultations">{{cite web |title = AAR: Transhumanism and Religion Consultations |url = http://www.aarweb.org/meetings/Annual_Meeting/Program_Units/PUinformation.asp?PUNum=AARPU187 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130112192312/https://www.aarweb.org/meetings/Annual_Meeting/Program_Units/PUinformation.asp?PUNum=AARPU187 |archive-date=January 12, 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name="Alexander 2000">{{cite magazine |author = Alexander, Brian | title = Don't die, stay pretty: introducing the ultrahuman makeover | magazine = Wired | year = 2000 | url = https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.01/forever.html | access-date=January 8, 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="Among the Transhumanists">{{cite magazine | last = Saletan | first = William | author-link = William Saletan | title = Among the Transhumanists | magazine = [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] | date = June 4, 2006 | url = http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/human_nature/2006/06/among_the_transhumanists.html <!-- http://www.slate.com/id/2142987/ -->}}</ref>

<ref name="Annas 2002">{{cite journal |author=[[George Annas|Annas, George]] |author2=[[Lori Andrews|Andrews, Lori]] |author3=[[Rosario Isasi|Isasi, Rosario]] | title = Protecting the endangered human: toward an international treaty prohibiting cloning and inheritable alterations | volume = 28 | page = 151 | year = 2002 }}</ref>

<ref name="Arnall 2003">{{cite journal | last = Arnall | first = Alexander Huw | title = Future technologies, today's choices: nanotechnology, artificial intelligence and robotics | publisher = Greenpeace U.K. | year = 2003 | url = http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/MultimediaFiles/Live/FullReport/5886.pdf | access-date = April 29, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060414081108/http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/MultimediaFiles/Live/FullReport/5886.pdf | archive-date = April 14, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="Bailey 2001">{{cite journal | last = Bailey |first= Ronald | author-link = Ronald Bailey | title = Right-Wing Biological Dread: The Subhumans are coming! The Subhumans are coming! | date = December 12, 2001 | url=http://reason.com/archives/2001/12/12/right-wing-biological-dread <!-- http://www.reason.com/news/show/34926.html --> |access-date= January 18, 2007 |journal = [[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Bailey 2003">{{cite journal | journal = [[Reason (magazine)|Reason]] | author = Bailey, Ronald | author-link = Ronald Bailey | title = Enough Already |date=October 2003 | url=http://reason.com/archives/2003/10/01/enough-already <!-- http://www.reason.com/0310/cr.rb.enough.shtml --> | access-date=May 31, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="Bailey 2004">{{cite journal | last = Bailey | first = Ronald | author-link = Ronald Bailey | title = Transhumanism: the most dangerous idea? | journal = [[Reason (magazine)|Reason]] | date = August 25, 2004 | url = http://reason.com/archives/2004/08/25/transhumanism-the-most-dangero <!-- http://www.reason.com/rb/rb082504.shtml --> | access-date = February 20, 2006 }}</ref>

<ref name="Bainbridge">{{cite journal | author = Bainbridge, William Sims | title = The Transhuman Heresy |journal=Journal of Evolution and Technology | year = 2005 | url = http://jetpress.org/volume14/bainbridge.html | access-date = January 2, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="Barratt 2006">{{cite journal | author = Barratt, Helen | title = Transhumanism | year = 2006 | url = http://www.cmf.org.uk/publications/content.asp?context=article&id=1717 | access-date = December 5, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120402084702/http://www.cmf.org.uk/publications/content.asp?context=article&id=1717 | archive-date = April 2, 2012 |df = mdy-all }}</ref>

<!--
<ref name="Black 2003">{{cite book | author = Black, Edwin | title = War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race | publisher = Four Walls Eight Windows | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-1-56858-258-0 | author-link = Edwin Black | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781568582580 }}</ref>
-->

<ref name="Blackford 2003">{{cite journal | author = Blackford, Russell | title = Who's afraid of the Brave New World? | year = 2003 | url = http://www.users.bigpond.com/russellblackford/brave_new_world.htm | access-date = February 8, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060823035344/http://www.users.bigpond.com/russellblackford/brave_new_world.htm | archive-date = August 23, 2006 | author-link = Russell Blackford }}</ref>

<ref name="Blackford 2010">{{cite journal | last=Blackford | first= Russell | author-link = Russell Blackford | title = Editorial: Nietzsche and European Posthumanisms |journal=Journal of Evolution and Technology | year = 2010 | url = http://jetpress.org/v21/blackford.htm }}</ref>

<ref name="Bordo 1993">{{cite book |author=Bordo, Susan |title=Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture and the Body |url=https://archive.org/details/unbearableweight00bord |url-access=registration |publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1993|isbn=978-0-520-08883-2|oclc=27069938|author-link=Susan Bordo }}</ref>

<ref name="Bostrom 2002">{{cite journal | author = Bostrom, Nick| title = Existential risks: analyzing human extinction scenarios | year = 2002 | url = http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html| access-date=February 21, 2006| author-link = Nick Bostrom}}</ref>

<ref name="Buchanan 2000">{{cite book|author1=Buchanan, Allen |author2=Brock, Dan W. |author3=Daniels, Norman |author4=Wikler, Daniel | title = From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2000| isbn = 978-0-521-66977-1| oclc = 41211380}}</ref>

<ref name="Campbell & Walker 2005">{{cite journal |author=Campbell, Heidi |author2=[[Mark Alan Walker|Walker, Mark Alan]]| title = Religion and transhumanism: introducing a conversation |journal=Journal of Evolution and Technology | year = 2005 | url = http://www.jetpress.org/volume14/specialissueintro.html| access-date=March 21, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="Cole-Turner 1993">{{cite book|author=Cole-Turner, Ronald|title=The New Genesis: Theology and the Genetic Revolution |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-664-25406-3|oclc=26402489 }}</ref>

<ref name="Darnovsky Crossroads">{{cite journal | author = Darnovsky, Marcy | title = Health and human rights leaders call for an international ban on species-altering procedures | year = 2001 | url = http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=2809 | access-date=February 21, 2006 }}</ref>

<ref name="Davis 1999">{{cite book| author = Davis, Erik| title = TechGnosis: Myth, Magic, and Mysticism in the Age of Information| publisher = Three Rivers Press| year = 1999| isbn = 978-0-609-80474-2| oclc = 42925424| author-link = Erik Davis}}</ref>

<ref name="Drexler 1986">Drexler 1986</ref>

<ref name="Dublin 1992">{{cite book| last=Dublin| first= Max| title=Futurehype: The Tyranny of Prophecy| publisher=Plume| year=1992| isbn=978-0-452-26800-5| oclc=236056666}}</ref>

<ref name="Dvorsky 2008">{{cite journal | last = Dvorsky | first = George | author-link = George Dvorsky | title = Postgenderism: Beyond the Gender Binary| year = 2008 | url = http://sentientdevelopments.blogspot.com/2008/03/postgenderism-beyond-gender-binary.html| access-date=April 13, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Evans 2014">{{cite journal | last = Evans | first = Woody | author-link = Woody Evans | title = If You See a Cyborg in the Road, Kill the Buddha: Against Transcendental Transhumanism |journal=Journal of Evolution and Technology | year = 2014 | url = http://jetpress.org/v24/evans.htm | access-date=October 14, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="EZTV Media">{{cite web | title=EZTV Media | url=http://www.eztvmedia.com/his.html | access-date=May 1, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="Ettinger 1972">{{cite book|last=Ettinger |first=Robert |title=Man into Superman |year=1974 |url=http://www.cryonics.org/book2.html |publisher=Avon |isbn=978-0-380-00047-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828014330/http://www.cryonics.org/book2.html |archive-date=August 28, 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name="Extropy Institute 2006">{{cite journal| author = Extropy Institute| title = Next Steps| year = 2006 | url = http://www.extropy.org/future.htm| access-date=May 5, 2006| author-link = Extropy Institute}}</ref>

<ref name="FM-2030 1973">{{cite book|author = ((FM-2030))|title = UpWingers: A Futurist Manifesto|year = 1973|isbn = 978-0-381-98243-0|edition=Available as an eBook: FW00007527|publisher = John Day Co.|location = New York|oclc = 600299|author-link = FM-2030}}</ref>

<ref name="FM-2030 1989">{{cite book| author = ((FM-2030))| title = Are You a Transhuman?: Monitoring and Stimulating Your Personal Rate of Growth in a Rapidly Changing World| publisher = Viking Adult| year = 1989| isbn = 978-0-446-38806-1| oclc = 18134470| author-link = FM-2030| url = https://archive.org/details/areyoutranshuman00fm20}}</ref>

<ref name="FM-2030: Are You Transhuman">{{cite web | title=FM-2030: Are You Transhuman? |website = [[YouTube]]| date=October 2013 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaS9QBdVHMs&t=4s | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/eaS9QBdVHMs| archive-date=2021-10-30| access-date=March 16, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name="Fukuyama 2004">{{cite journal | last = Fukuyama | first = Francis | author-link = Francis Fukuyama | title = The world's most dangerous ideas: transhumanism | journal = [[Foreign Policy]] | issue = 144 | pages = 42–43 | date = September–October 2004 | doi = 10.2307/4152980 | jstor = 4152980 | url = https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2004/09/01/transhumanism | format = reprint | access-date = November 14, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Garreau 2006">{{cite book | last = Garreau | first = Joel | author-link = Joel Garreau | title = Radical Evolution: The Promise and Peril of Enhancing Our Minds, Our Bodies – and What It Means to Be Human| publisher = Broadway| year = 2006| isbn = 978-0-7679-1503-8| oclc = 68624303}}</ref>

<ref name="Gelles 2009">{{cite magazine|last=Gelles |first=David |title=Immortality 2.0: A Silicon Valley Insider Looks at California's Transhumanist Movement |date=January 1, 2009 |magazine=The Futurist |url=http://ce399eugenics.wordpress.com/2010/06/19/immortality-2-0-a-silicon-valley-insider-looks-at-californias-transhumanist-movement/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512223654/http://ce399eugenics.wordpress.com/2010/06/19/immortality-2-0-a-silicon-valley-insider-looks-at-californias-transhumanist-movement |archive-date=May 12, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Giesen 2004">{{cite journal | author = Giesen, Klaus-Gerd | title = Transhumanisme et génétique humaine | year = 2004 | url = http://www.omics-ethics.org/observatoire/cadrages/cadr2004/c_no16_04/c_no16_04_01.html | access-date = April 26, 2006 | archive-date = July 22, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170722130848/http://www.omics-ethics.org/observatoire/cadrages/cadr2004/c_no16_04/c_no16_04_01.html }}</ref>

<ref name="Glenn 2003">{{cite journal| author = Glenn, Linda MacDonald| title = Biotechnology at the margins of personhood: an evolving legal paradigm| year = 2003 | url = http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/articles/glennjet2003/| access-date=March 3, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition: Science Slightly Over the Edge">{{cite book | title=Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition: Science Slightly Over the Edge | first = Ed | last = Regis | publisher = Perseus Books | year=1990 | author-link= Ed Regis (author)}}</ref>

<ref name="Habermas 2004">{{cite book| author=Habermas, Jürgen| title=The Future of Human Nature| publisher=Polity Press| year=2004| isbn=978-0-7456-2987-2| oclc=49395577| author-link=Jürgen Habermas }}</ref>

<ref name="Harrison and Wolyniak 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Harrison, Peter |author2=Wolyniak, Joseph |name-list-style=amp | title = The History of 'Transhumanism' |journal=Notes and Queries |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=465–467 | year = 2015 |doi=10.1093/notesj/gjv080 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Hayles 1999">{{cite book| author = Hayles, N. Katherine| title = How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics| publisher = University Of Chicago Press| year = 1999| isbn = 978-0-226-32146-2| oclc = 186409073| author-link = N. Katherine Hayles}}</ref>

<ref name="Hook 2004">{{cite book | last = Hook | first = Christopher | editor-first = Stephen G. | editor-last = Post | title = Encyclopedia of Bioethics | edition = 3rd| publisher = Macmillan | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-02-865774-5 | pages = 2517–2520 | chapter = Transhumanism and Posthumanism | chapter-url = http://gale.cengage.com/pdf/samples/sp657748.pdf <!--| access-date=December 10, 2007 -->| year = 2004 | oclc = 52622160}}</ref>

<ref name="Hughes 2002">{{cite journal | last = Hughes | first = James | title = The politics of transhumanism | year = 2002 | url = http://www.changesurfer.com/Acad/TranshumPolitics.htm | access-date=December 14, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Hughes 2004">{{cite book| author = Hughes, James | title = Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future | publisher = Westview Press | year = 2004| isbn = 978-0-8133-4198-9| oclc = 56632213| title-link = Citizen Cyborg }}</ref>

<ref name="Hughes 2005">{{cite journal | last = Hughes | first = James | author-link = James Hughes (sociologist) | title = Report on the 2005 interests and beliefs survey of the members of the World Transhumanist Association | year = 2005 | url = http://transhumanism.org/resources/survey2005.pdf | access-date = February 26, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060524181809/http://transhumanism.org/resources/survey2005.pdf | archive-date = May 24, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="Hughes A2002">{{cite journal| author = Hughes, James| title = Democratic Transhumanism 2.0| year = 2002 | url = http://www.changesurfer.com/Acad/DemocraticTranshumanism.htm| access-date=January 26, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="Hughes BH 2004">{{cite journal| author = Hughes, James| title = Technologies of Self-perfection: What would the Buddha do with nanotechnology and psychopharmaceuticals? | year = 2004| url = http://archives.betterhumans.com/Columns/Column/tabid/79/Column/222/Default.aspx| access-date=February 21, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070510094442/http://archives.betterhumans.com/Columns/Column/tabid/79/Column/222/Default.aspx |archive-date = May 10, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="Huxley 1957">{{cite book |last=Huxley |first=Julian |author-link=Julian Huxley |year=1957 |chapter=Transhumanism |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/NewBottlesForNewWine/page/n15/mode/2up |title=New Bottles for New Wine |url=https://archive.org/details/NewBottlesForNewWine/page/n15/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=Chatto & Windus |pages=13–17 |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="Inniss 1998">{{cite web|last=Inniss |first=Patrick |title=Transhumanism: The Next Step? |url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/aah/inniss_8_4.htm |access-date=December 10, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106102151/http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/aah/inniss_8_4.htm |archive-date=November 6, 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="International Theological Commission 2002">{{cite journal| author = International Theological Commission| title = Communion and stewardship: human persons created in the image of God | year = 2002 | url = https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20040723_communion-stewardship_en.html| access-date=April 1, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="Kass 2001">{{cite magazine| author = Kass, Leon | title = Preventing a Brave New World: why we must ban human cloning now| date = May 21, 2001| magazine = The New Republic| author-link = Leon Kass}}</ref>

<ref name="Kurzweil 1993">{{cite book| last = Kurzweil | first = Raymond | title = The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life | publisher = Three Rivers Press | year = 1993| title-link = The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life }}</ref>

<ref name="Kurzweil 1999">{{cite book| author = Kurzweil, Raymond| title = The Age of Spiritual Machines | publisher = Viking Adult| year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-670-88217-5| oclc = 224295064| author-link = Raymond Kurzweil| title-link = The Age of Spiritual Machines }}</ref>

<ref name="Kurzweil 2004">{{cite book| last = Kurzweil | first = Raymond | title = Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever|publisher = Viking Adult| year = 2004| isbn = 978-1-57954-954-1| oclc = 56011093| title-link = Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever }}</ref>

<ref name="Kurzweil 2005">{{cite book| last = Kurzweil | first = Raymond | title = The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology | publisher = Viking Adult| year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-670-03384-3| oclc = 224517172| title-link = The Singularity Is Near }}</ref>

<ref name="Lee 1999">{{cite book | author = Lee, Keekok | title = The Natural and the Artefactual | year = 1999 | publisher = Lexington Books | isbn = 978-0-7391-0061-5 | oclc = 231842178 }}</ref>

<ref name="Managing Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno Innovations: Converging Technologies in Society">{{Cite book | last = Goldblatt | first = Michael | date = 2002 | contribution = DARPA's programs in enhancing human performance | editor-last = Roco | editor-first = Mihail C. | editor2-last = Bainbridge | editor2-first = William Sims | title = Managing Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno Innovations: Converging Technologies in Society | url = https://archive.org/details/managingnanobioi00bain_947 | url-access = limited | edition = 1 | location = Arlington, VA | publisher = Springer | pages = [https://archive.org/details/managingnanobioi00bain_947/page/n331 339]–340 | isbn = 978-1-4020-4106-8}}; cited in {{cite journal | last = McIntosh | first = Daniel | title = Human, Transhuman, Posthuman: Implications of Evolution-by-design for Human Security | journal = Journal of Human Security | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 4–20 | date = December 2008 | issn = 1835-3800 | doi = 10.3316/JHS0403004}}</ref>

<ref name="McKibben 2003">{{cite book|author=McKibben, Bill|title=Enough: Staying Human in an Engineered Age|publisher=Times Books|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8050-7096-5|oclc=237794777|author-link=Bill McKibben}}</ref>

<ref name="Midgley 1992">{{cite book|author=Midgley, Mary|title=Science as Salvation|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|isbn=978-0-415-06271-8|oclc=181929611|author-link=Mary Midgley}}</ref>

<ref name="Minsky 1960">{{cite CiteSeerX | author = Minsky, Marvin| title = Steps toward artificial intelligence| pages = 406–450| year = 1960 | author-link = Marvin Minsky| citeseerx = 10.1.1.79.7413}}</ref>

<ref name="Mitchell & Kilner 2002">{{cite journal |author1=Mitchell, Ben C. |author2=Kilner, John F. |name-list-style=amp |title=Remaking Humans: The New Utopians Versus a Truly Human Future |journal=Dignity |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1, 5 |year=2003 |url=http://www.cbhd.org/resources/biotech/mitchell_kilner_2003-08-29.htm |access-date=December 5, 2006 |archive-date=September 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928131439/http://www.cbhd.org/resources/biotech/mitchell_kilner_2003-08-29.htm }}</ref>

<ref name="Moravec 1998">{{cite journal| url=https://jetpress.org/volume1/moravec.htm| journal=Journal of Evolution and Technology| year=1998| volume=1| title=When will computer hardware match the human brain?| author=Moravec, Hans| access-date=June 23, 2006| author-link=Hans Moravec| df=mdy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="More 1990">{{cite journal|author=More, Max |title=Transhumanism: a futurist philosophy |year=1990 |url=http://www.maxmore.com/transhum.htm |access-date=November 14, 2005 |author-link=Max More |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029125153/http://www.maxmore.com/transhum.htm |archive-date=October 29, 2005 }}</ref>

<ref name="Moreno 2006">{{cite book | last = Moreno | first = Jonathan D. | author-link = Jonathan D. Moreno | title = Mind Wars: Brain Research and National Defense | publisher = Dana Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-932594-16-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/mindwarsbrainres00jona }}</ref>

<ref name="Naam 2005">{{cite book| author = Naam, Ramez| title = More Than Human: Embracing the Promise of Biological Enhancement| year = 2005| publisher = Broadway Books| isbn = 978-0-7679-1843-5| url = https://archive.org/details/morethanhumanemb00naam| oclc = 55878008| author-link = Ramez Naam}}</ref>

<ref name="Newitz 2008">{{cite journal| last = Newitz | first = Annalee | author-link = Annalee Newitz | title = Can Futurism Escape the 1990s? | newspaper = Io9 | year = 2008 |url = http://io9.com/5067829/can-futurism-escape-the-1990s | access-date = November 18, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Newman 2003">{{cite journal|author=Newman, Stuart A.|title=Averting the clone age: prospects and perils of human developmental manipulation|year=2003|journal=Journal of Contemporary Health Law & Policy |volume=19|issue=2|pages=431–63|pmid=14748253|url=http://genetics.live.radicaldesigns.org/downloads/200303_jchlp_newman.pdf|access-date=September 17, 2008|author-link=Stuart Newman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216215328/http://genetics.live.radicaldesigns.org/downloads/200303_jchlp_newman.pdf|archive-date=December 16, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="Otchet 1998">{{cite journal | author = Otchet, Amy | title = Jeremy Rifkin: fears of a brave new world | year = 1998 | url = http://www.unesco.org/courier/1998_09/uk/dires/txt1.htm| access-date=February 20, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050910013827/http://www.unesco.org/courier/1998_09/uk/dires/txt1.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = September 10, 2005}}</ref>

<ref name="Pauls 2005">{{cite journal| author = Pauls, David| title = Transhumanism: 2000 Years in the Making| year = 2005 | url = http://www.thecbc.org/redesigned/research_display.php?id=189| access-date=December 5, 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061010102349/http://www.thecbc.org/redesigned/research_display.php?id=189 |archive-date = October 10, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="Peters 1997">{{cite book|author=Peters, Ted|title=Playing God?: Genetic Determinism and Human Freedom|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|isbn=978-0-415-91522-9|oclc=35192269|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/playinggodgeneti0000pete}}</ref>

<ref name="Platt 1995">{{cite magazine| author = Platt, Charles| title = Superhumanism| magazine = Wired| year = 1995 | url = https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.10/moravec.html| access-date=December 5, 2006| author-link = Charles Platt (science-fiction author)}}</ref>

<ref name="Rael 2002">{{cite book| author = Raël| title=Oui au clonage humain: La vie éternelle grâce à la science| publisher=Quebecor| year=2002| isbn=978-1-903571-05-7| oclc = 226022543| author-link= Raël}}</ref>

<ref name="Rees 2003">{{cite book| last=Rees | first=Martin | author-link=Martin Rees | title=Our Final Hour: A Scientist's Warning: How Terror, Error, and Environmental Disaster Threaten Humankind's Future In This Century—On Earth and Beyond| publisher=Basic Books| year=2003| isbn=978-0-465-06862-3| oclc=51315429| title-link=Our Final Hour | bibcode=2003ofhs.book.....R }}</ref>

<ref name="Rifkin 1983">{{cite book| author = Rifkin, Jeremy | title = Algeny: A New Word--A New World| publisher = Viking Adult| year = 1983 | isbn = 978-0-670-10885-5| author-link = Jeremy Rifkin}}</ref>

<ref name="Sandberg 2000">{{cite journal|author = Sandberg, Anders | title= Uploading|year = 2000| url=http://www.aleph.se/Trans/Global/Uploading/| access-date=March 4, 2006|author-link= Anders Sandberg}}</ref>

<ref name="Sandberg 2001">{{cite journal| author = Sandberg, Anders| title= Morphological freedom – why we not just want it, but ''need'' it| year = 2001 | url=http://www.aleph.se/Nada/Texts/MorphologicalFreedom.htm| access-date=February 21, 2006| author-link= Anders Sandberg}}</ref>

<ref name="Sandberg 2009">
{{Cite book
|first1=Anders
|last1=Sandberg
| author1-link=Anders Sandberg
|first2=Nick
|last2=Boström
| author2-link=Nick Bostrom
|title=Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap
|quote=The basic idea is to take a particular brain, scan its structure in detail, and construct a software model of it that is so faithful to the original that, when run on appropriate hardware, it will behave in essentially the same way as the original brain.
|url=http://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/Reports/2008-3.pdf
|access-date=April 5, 2009
|series= Technical Report #2008-3
|year=2008
| publisher = Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University
}}</ref>

<ref name="Silver 1998">{{cite book| author=Silver, Lee M.| title=Remaking Eden: Cloning and Beyond in a Brave New World| publisher=Harper Perennial| year=1998| isbn=978-0-380-79243-6| oclc=40094564| author-link=Lee M. Silver| url=https://archive.org/details/remakingeden00leem}}</ref>

<ref name="Smolensky 2006">{{cite journal| author = Smolensky, Kirsten Rabe| title = Parental liability for germline genetic enhancement: to be or not to be? (Public address, Stanford University) | year = 2006| url = http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/HETHR_bios/smolensky/ | access-date=June 18, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="Sorgner 2009">{{cite journal| last=Sorgner | first=Stefan Lorenz | title = Nietzsche, the Overhuman, and Transhumanism | url = http://jetpress.org/v20/sorgner.htm |journal=Journal of Evolution and Technology  |volume=20 |issue=1 |date= March 2009 | pages= 29–42| author-link= Stefan Lorenz Sorgner}}</ref>

<ref name="Sorgner 2012">{{cite journal| last=Sorgner | first=Stefan Lorenz | title = Was Nietzsche a Transhumanist? | url = http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/pellissier20120423 |journal= IEET News |date= April 24, 2012 | author-link= Stefan Lorenz Sorgner}}</ref>

<ref name="Haldane 1923">{{cite book| author=Haldane, J.B.S.| title=Daedalus or, Science and the Future| publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. | year=1923|author-link=J. B. S. Haldane| url=https://jbshaldane.org/books/1923-Daedalus/haldane-1923-daedalus-ocr.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715141807/https://jbshaldane.org/books/1923-Daedalus/haldane-1923-daedalus-ocr.pdf| archive-date=July 15, 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Stock 2002">{{cite book| author = Stock, Gregory| title = Redesigning Humans: Choosing our Genes, Changing our Future| publisher = Mariner Books| year = 2002| isbn = 978-0-618-34083-5| oclc = 51756081| author-link = Gregory Stock| url = https://archive.org/details/redesigninghuman00stoc}}</ref>

<ref name="Tennison 2012">{{cite journal| last = Tennison | first = Michael | title = Moral transhumanism: the next step | journal = The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy | year = 2012 | publisher = J Med Philos | volume = 37 | number =4 | pages = 405–416| doi = 10.1093/jmp/jhs024 | pmid = 22855738 }}</ref>

<ref name="The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004">{{cite journal| author = [[The Royal Society]] & The [[Royal Academy of Engineering]]| title = Nanoscience and nanotechnologies (Ch. 6)| year = 2004| url = http://www.nanotec.org.uk/report/chapter6.pdf| access-date = December 5, 2006| archive-date = September 9, 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120909192902/http://www.nanotec.org.uk/report/chapter6.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="TransVision 2004: Faith, Transhumanism and Hope Symposium">{{cite web|title=TransVision 2004: Faith, Transhumanism and Hope Symposium|url=http://www.transhumanism.org/tv/2004/program.shtml#Faith|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104110507/http://transhumanism.org/tv/2004/program.shtml#Faith|archive-date=January 4, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="Vita-More 1982">{{cite journal | author = Vita-More, Natasha| title = Transhumanist arts statement | orig-date = revised, first published 1982|year=2003 | url = http://www.transhumanist.biz/transhumanistartsmanifesto.htm| access-date=February 16, 2006 | author-link = Natasha Vita-More}}</ref>

<ref name="WTA FAQ 3.2">{{cite journal| author = World Transhumanist Association| title = Do transhumanists advocate eugenics?| date = 2002–2005 | url = http://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/faq21/66/| access-date=April 3, 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060909005028/http://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/faq21/66/ |archive-date = September 9, 2006|author-link = World Transhumanist Association}}</ref>

<ref name="WTA FAQ 5.2">{{cite journal| author = World Transhumanist Association| title = What currents are there within transhumanism?| date = 2002–2005 | url = http://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/faq21/81/| access-date=November 3, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071016194900/http://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/faq21/81/ |archive-date = October 16, 2007|author-link = World Transhumanist Association}}</ref>

<ref name="Walker 2002">{{cite journal | last = Walker | first = Mark Alan | author-link = Mark Alan Walker | title = Prolegomena to any future philosophy | journal = [[Journal of Evolution and Technology]] | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | date = March 2002 | url = http://www.jetpress.org/volume10/prolegomena.html | issn = 1541-0099 | access-date=March 2, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="Winner 2005">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwolIIz9zg0C&pg=PA385| author = Winner, Langdon |editor-first1=Harold |editor-last1=Bailie |editor-first2=Timothy |editor-last2=Casey | title = Is Human Nature Obsolete?| publisher =M.I.T. Press | location = Massachusetts Institute of Technology|isbn=978-0-262-52428-5|pages=385–411|chapter =Resistance is Futile: The Posthuman Condition and Its Advocates|author-link=Langdon Winner| year = 2005 }}</ref>

<ref name="World Transhumanist Association 2002">{{cite journal| author = World Transhumanist Association | title = The Transhumanist Declaration | year = 2002 | url = http://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/faq21/79/| access-date = April 3, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060910010545/http://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/faq21/79/ |archive-date = September 10, 2006| author-link = World Transhumanist Association}}</ref>

<ref name="What is Transhumanism">{{cite journal| author = Humanity+ | title = What is Transhumanism? | url = http://whatistranshumanism.org/ | access-date = December 5, 2015 | author-link = Humanity+}}</ref>

<ref name="imminst">{{cite web|title=Immortality Institute|url=http://www.imminst.org/}}</ref>

<!--unused<ref name="montrealmirror">{{cite news |last=Leijon |first=Erik |url=http://www.montrealmirror.com/wp/2011/08/18/cover-the-transhuman-factor/ |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311060609/http://montrealmirror.com/wp/2011/08/18/cover-the-transhuman-factor |title=The transhuman factor |newspaper=Montreal Mirror |date=November 14, 2011 |access-date=January 26, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>-->

<ref name="tipler1994">{{cite book| author = Tipler, Frank J.| title = The Physics of Immortality| url = https://archive.org/details/physicsofimmorta00fran| url-access = registration| publisher = Doubleday| year = 1994| isbn = 978-0-19-282147-8| oclc = 16830384| author-link = Frank J. Tipler}}</ref>

}} <!-- end of reflist -->