Editing Totalitarianism (section)

== Early totalitarianism ==
The concept of totalitarianism has also been applied to historical states that existed prior to the 20th century and it has even been applied to states which existed in [[Ancient history|antiquity]]. For example, the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' applies the concept of totalitarianism to such states as the [[Mauryan dynasty]] of India (c. 321–c. 185 BCE), the [[Qin dynasty]] of China (221–207 BCE), and the reign of Zulu chief Shaka (c. 1816–28)<ref name="britannica"/> Such authors as Peter Bernholz (''[[Oxford University Press]]'') apply the concept of totalitarianism to the city of Geneva under [[John Calvin]]'s leadership, the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]], [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]], [[Aztec Empire|Aztec]] and [[Inca Empire|Inca]] empires, [[Münster rebellion|Münster during the Anabaptist rebellion]], and the [[Mahdist State]].<ref name="Bernholz 2017 p. 33">{{cite book | last=Bernholz | first=P. | title=Totalitarianism, Terrorism and Supreme Values: History and Theory | publisher=Springer International Publishing | series=Studies in Public Choice | year=2017 | isbn=978-3-319-56907-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyYmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 | access-date=2023-02-28 | page=33}}</ref><ref name="Congleton Grofman Voigt 2018 p. 860">{{cite book | last1=Congleton | first1=R.D. | last2=Grofman | first2=B.N. | last3=Voigt | first3=S. | title=The Oxford Handbook of Public Choice, Volume 1 | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Oxford Handbooks | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-19-046974-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLh9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA860 | access-date=2023-02-28 | page=860}}</ref><ref name="Maier Schäfer 2007 p. 264">{{cite book | last1=Maier | first1=H. | last2=Schäfer | first2=M. | title=Totalitarianism and Political Religions, Volume II: Concepts for the Comparison of Dictatorships | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Totalitarianism Movements and Political Religions | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-134-06346-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4d8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA264 | access-date=2023-02-28 | page=264}}</ref>