Editing Tin (section)

====Biocides====
Some organotin compounds are relatively toxic, with both advantages and problems. They are used for [[biocide|biocidal properties]] as [[fungicide]]s, [[pesticide]]s, [[algaecide]]s, [[wood preservative]]s, and [[antifouling agent]]s.<ref name="Atkins" /> [[Tributyltin oxide]] is used as a [[wood preservative]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=pKiTzbEDy1QC|page=799}} | page = 799 | isbn = 978-0-8247-0024-9 | chapter = Preservation of Wood | editor =David N.-S. Hon | editor2 =Nobuo Shiraishi | date = 2001 | publisher = Dekker | location = New York, NY | title = Wood and cellulosic chemistry}}</ref> [[Tributyltin]] is used for various industrial purposes such as slime control in paper mills and disinfection of circulating industrial cooling waters.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antizar-Ladislao|first=Blanca|date=2008-02-01|title=Environmental levels, toxicity and human exposure to tributyltin (TBT)-contaminated marine environment. A review|journal=Environment International|volume=34|issue=2|pages=292–308|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2007.09.005|pmid=17959247|bibcode=2008EnInt..34..292A }}</ref> Tributyltin was used as additive for ship paint to prevent growth of [[Marine organisms|fouling organisms]] on ships, with use declining after organotin compounds were recognized as [[persistent organic pollutants]] with high toxicity for some marine organisms (the [[dog whelk]], for example).<ref>{{cite web|title = Tin Hazards To Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review|first = Ronald|last = Eisler|publisher = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Patuxent Wildlife Research Center|url = https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA322822.pdf|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118204159/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA322822&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf|archive-date = 2012-01-18}}</ref> The EU banned the use of organotin compounds in 2003,<ref>{{cite web| website= europa.eu| url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:115:0001:0011:EN:PDF|title = Regulation (EC) No 782/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 April 2003 on the prohibition of organotin compounds on ships| access-date = 2009-05-05}}</ref><!--doi 10.1007/s10661-008-0294-6 http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=14491409 --> while concerns over the toxicity of these compounds to marine life and damage to the reproduction and growth of some marine species<ref name="Atkins" /> (some reports describe biological effects to marine life at a concentration of 1 [[nanogram]] per liter) have led to a worldwide ban by the [[International Maritime Organization]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=pERX3gKmFy4C|page=227}} | isbn = 978-1-4051-6926-4 | page = 227 | chapter = Fouling on Shipping | editor = Dürr, Simone | editor2 = Thomason, Jeremy | date = 2008 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Oxford | title = Biofouling}}</ref> Many nations now restrict the use of organotin compounds to vessels greater than {{convert|25|m|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="Atkins" /> The persistence of tributyltin in the aquatic environment is dependent upon the nature of the ecosystem.<ref name="Maguire 1987 475–498">{{Cite journal|last=Maguire|first=R. James|date=1987|title=Environmental aspects of tributyltin|journal=Applied Organometallic Chemistry|volume=1|issue=6|pages=475–498|doi=10.1002/aoc.590010602}}</ref> Because of this persistence and its use as an additive in ship paint, high concentrations of tributyltin have been found in marine sediments located near naval docks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=de Mora|first1=S. J.|last2=Stewart|first2=C.|last3=Phillips|first3=D.|date=1995-01-01|title=Sources and rate of degradation of tri(n-butyl)tin in marine sediments near Auckland, New Zealand|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=30|issue=1|pages=50–57|doi=10.1016/0025-326X(94)00178-C|bibcode=1995MarPB..30...50D }}</ref> Tributyltin has been used as a biomarker for [[imposex]] in [[Neogastropoda|neogastropods]], with at least 82 known species.<ref name="Axiak 743–749">{{Cite journal|last1=Axiak|first1=Victor|last2=Micallef|first2=Diane|last3=Muscat|first3=Joanne|last4=Vella|first4=Alfred|last5=Mintoff|first5=Bernardette|date=2003-03-01|title=Imposex as a biomonitoring tool for marine pollution by tributyltin: some further observations|journal=Environment International|series=Secotox S.I.|volume=28|issue=8|pages=743–749|doi=10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00119-8|pmid=12605923|bibcode=2003EnInt..28..743A }}</ref> With the high levels of TBT in the local inshore areas, due to shipping activities, the shellfish had an adverse effect.<ref name="Maguire 1987 475–498" /> Imposex is the imposition of male sexual characteristics on female specimens where they grow a penis and a pallial [[vas deferens]].<ref name="Axiak 743–749" /><ref name="sciencebuzz.com">{{Cite web|date=2018-11-17|title=The Effects of Tributyltin on the Marine Environment|url=https://www.sciencebuzz.com/the-effects-of-tributyltin-on-the-marine-environment/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=ScienceBuzz|archive-date=2021-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103441/https://www.sciencebuzz.com/the-effects-of-tributyltin-on-the-marine-environment/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A high level of TBT can damage mammalian [[endocrine glands]], [[Reproductive system|reproductive]] and [[central nervous system]]s, bone structure and [[gastrointestinal tract]].<ref name="sciencebuzz.com" /> Tributyltin also affect mammals, Including sea otters, whales, dolphins, and humans.<ref name="sciencebuzz.com" />