Editing Subsidy (section)

====Fisheries====
Today, much of the world's major fisheries are [[overexploited]]; in 2002, the [[World Wildlife Fund|WWF]] estimate this at approximately 75%. Fishing subsidies include "direct assistant to fishers; loan support programs; tax preferences and insurance support; capital and infrastructure programs; marketing and price support programs; and fisheries management, research, and conservation programs."<ref name="Robin et al 2003 p4">{{cite book|last=Robin|first=S.|title=Perverse Subsidies and the Implications for Biodiversity: A review of recent findings and the status of policy reforms |year=2003 |page=4 |publisher=Vth World Parks Congress: Sustainable Finance Stream |location=Durban, South Africa |url=http://conservationfinance.org/guide/WPC/WPC_documents/Overview_PanB_Wolcott_v2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203173214/http://conservationfinance.org/guide/WPC/WPC_documents/Overview_PanB_Wolcott_v2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-03|author2=Wolcott, R.|author3=Quintela, C.E.}}</ref> They promote the expansion of [[fishing fleet]]s, the supply of larger and longer nets, larger yields and indiscriminate catch, as well as mitigating risks which encourages further investment into large-scale operations to the disfavour of the already struggling small-scale industry.<ref name="Robin et al 2003" /><ref name="Porter 1998">{{cite web|last=Porter|first=G.|title=Natural Resource Subsidies, Trade and Environment: The Cases of Forest and Fisheries|url=http://www.ciel.org/Publications/NaturalResourceSubsidies.pdf|work=Center for Environmental Law|access-date=2013-08-05|year=1998|archive-date=2012-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915083324/http://www.ciel.org/Publications/NaturalResourceSubsidies.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Collectively, these result in the continued overcapitalization and overfishing of marine fisheries.

There are four categories of [[fisheries subsidy|fisheries subsidies]]. First are direct financial transfers, second are indirect financial transfers and services. Third, certain forms of intervention and fourth, not intervening. The first category regards direct payments from the government received by the fisheries industry. These typically affect profits of the industry in the short term and can be negative or positive. Category two pertains to government intervention, not involving those under the first category. These subsidies also affect the profits in the short term but typically are not negative. Category three includes intervention that results in a negative short-term economic impact, but economic benefits in the long term. These benefits are usually more general societal benefits such as the environment. The final category pertains to inaction by the government, allowing producers to impose certain production costs on others. These subsidies tend to lead to positive benefits in the short term but negative in the long term.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of the Expert Consultation on Identifying, Assessing and Reporting on Subsidies in the Fishing Industry - Rome, 3-6 December 2002|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4446e/y4446e0l.htm|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization|access-date=16 March 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316214025/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4446e/y4446e0l.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>