Editing Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (section)

==Modern adaptations==

=== Books ===
Though the surviving manuscript dates from the fourteenth century, the first published version of the poem did not appear until as late as 1839, when [[Sir Frederic Madden]] of the British Museum recognised the poem as worth reading.<ref name=manus>{{cite book |editor1-last=Borroff |editor1-first=Marie |editor2-last=Howes |editor2-first=Laura L. |title=Sir Gawain and the Green Knight : an authoritative translation, contexts, criticism |date=2010 |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=978-0393930252 |page=vii |edition=1st}}</ref>  Madden's scholarly, Middle English edition of the poem was followed in 1898 by the first Modern English translation – a prose version by literary scholar [[Jessie Weston (scholar)|Jessie Weston]].<ref name=manus/> In 1925, J. R. R. Tolkien and E. V. Gordon published a scholarly edition of the Middle English text of ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight''; a revised edition of this text was prepared by [[Norman Davis (academic)|Norman Davis]] and published in 1967. The book, featuring a text in Middle English with extensive scholarly notes, is frequently confused with the translation into Modern English that Tolkien prepared, along with translations of ''Pearl'' and ''Sir Orfeo'', late in his life.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tolkien|first=J. R. R.|title=Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, and Sir Orfeo|editor=Christopher Tolkien|publisher=Random House|year=1980|isbn=978-0-345-27760-2}}</ref> Many editions of the latter work, first published in 1975, shortly after his death, list Tolkien on the cover as author rather than translator.<ref>{{Cite book|last=White|first=Michael|title=Tolkien: A Biography|publisher=New American Library|year=2003|isbn=0-451-21242-8}}</ref>

Many translations into Modern English are available. Notable translators include Jessie Weston, whose 1898 prose translation and 1907 poetic translation took many liberties with the original; [[Theodore Banks]], whose 1929 translation was praised for its adaptation of the language to modern usage;<ref>{{cite journal |last=Farley|first=Frank E. |year=1930|title=Rev. of Banks, ''Sir Gawain'', and Andrew, ''Sir Gawain''|journal=[[Speculum (journal)|Speculum]] |volume=5|issue=2|pages=222–24 |doi=10.2307/2847870 |jstor=2847870 |url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/39640/1/tsa%20uaac%201980.2.pdf}}</ref> and [[Marie Borroff]], whose imitative translation was first published in 1967 and "entered the academic canon" in 1968, in the second edition of the ''[[Norton Anthology of English Literature]]''. In 2010, her (slightly revised) translation was published as a Norton Critical Edition, with a foreword by [[Laura Howes]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baragona|first=Alan|year=2012|title=Rev. of Howes, Borroff, ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight''|journal=[[Journal of English and Germanic Philology]]|volume=111|issue=4|pages=535–38|doi=10.5406/jenglgermphil.111.4.0535}}</ref> In 2007, [[Simon Armitage]], who grew up near the Gawain poet's purported residence, published a translation which attracted attention in the US and the United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/16/books/review/Hirsch-t.html|title=A Stranger in Camelot|last=Hirsch|first=Edward|date=16 December 2007|newspaper=The New York Times|pages=7.1|access-date=16 March 2010}}</ref> and was published in the United States by [[W. W. Norton & Company|Norton]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Armitage|first=Simon|title=Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A New Verse Translation|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393334159|url-access=registration|publisher=Norton|location=New York|year=2007|isbn=978-0-393-06048-5}}</ref>

=== Art ===
Many 20th and 21st-century editions of the poem are, like the manuscript, illustrated. For centuries the poem's titular characters were not the subject of artists' interest, not even for the [[Pre-Raphaelites]], though the poem was the inspiration for [[Christina Rossetti]]'s "The Prince’s Progress" (1866).<ref>{{cite journal |first=Laura |last=Forsberg |title=Christina Rossetti and ''Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight'' |journal=SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 |volume=55 |issue=4 |year=2015 |pages=861–878|doi=10.1353/sel.2015.0038 }}</ref> This changed in the beginning of the 20th century, with five images by Frederic Lawrence (in an [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts style]]) for a 1912 edition.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Barbara T. |last1=Lupack |first2=Alan |last2=Lupack |title=Illustrating Camelot |location=Cambridge |publisher=D.S. Brewer |year=2008 |page=6}}</ref> [[Herbert Cole]] illustrated [[Ernest Rhys|Ernest Rhys and Grace Rhys]]'s ''English Fairy Tales'' (1913), and included an image of the Green Knight entering King Arthur's court, the same scene Diana Sudyka represented for the cover of Simon Armitage's 2008 edition of his translation, published by the London Folio Society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eden |first=Michael |year=2024 |title=Representing: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/932121 |journal=Arthuriana |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=16–61 |doi=10.1353/art.2024.a932121 |issn=1934-1539}}</ref> British artist and designer [[Dorothea Braby]] produced six color engravings for [[Gwyn Jones (author)|Gwyn Jones]]'s 1952 translation; critic Muriel Whitaker noted that Braby's color scheme points to symbolic dualities, "warmth and coldness, natural and supernatural, courtliness and barbarity, sensuous castle life and rigorous forest hunts".<ref>Quoted in {{Cite book |last1=Lupack |first1=Barbara Tepa |title=Illustrating Camelot |last2=Lupack |first2=Alan |date=2008 |publisher=D. S. Brewer |isbn=978-1-84384-183-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnJ53_ufEoIC |page=6 |location=Cambridge}}</ref> [[John Howe (illustrator)|John Howe]], known for his work for J. R. R. Tolkien's ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', created a landscape featuring Gawain and the Green Knight for the jacket cover of Tolkien's translation in HarperCollins' 1996 publication of ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, and Sir Orfeo''. Commenting on Howe's image, John Gentile notes a connection to the wild man trope, emphasizing the Green Knight's "beard and long hair as well as his holly cluster all show[ing] some connection to the image of the medieval Wild Man".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gentile |first=John S. |date=2014 |title=Shape-Shifter in the Green: Performing Sir Gawain and the Green Knight |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/813133 |journal=Storytelling, Self, Society |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=220–243 |doi=10.13110/storselfsoci.10.2.0220 |issn=1932-0280}}</ref> The artist [[Clive Hicks-Jenkins]] produced fourteen screenprints for a 2018 special edition of Armitage's translation; these images where also exhibited in 2018 at [[MOMA, Wales|MOMA]] Machynlleth art gallery in Wales.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=James |title=Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: 14 prints by Clive Hicks-Jenkins and the Penfold Press |date=2018 |publisher=Grey Mare Press |isbn=978-1-9996474-0-7 |location=Machynlleth}}</ref> Michael Eden comments that, while varied and nuanced, at least five of these images "show a key shift from romance and fairytale-like imagery to a horror aesthetic".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eden |first=Michael |date=2024 |title=Representing: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/932121 |journal=Arthuriana |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=16–61 |doi=10.1353/art.2024.a932121 |issn=1934-1539}}</ref>

===Film and television===
The poem has been adapted to film three times, twice by writer-director Stephen Weeks: first as ''[[Gawain and the Green Knight (1973 film)|Gawain and the Green Knight]]'' 1973 which features [[Nigel Green]] in his final theatrical film as the Green Knight and [[Murray Head]] as Gawain, and again in 1984 as ''[[Sword of the Valiant: The Legend of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'', featuring [[Miles O'Keeffe]] as Gawain and [[Sean Connery]] as the Green Knight. Both films have been criticised for deviating from the poem's plot, described by critic [[Mark Kermode]] as "cod antics".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kermode |first1=Mark |last2=critic |first2=Mark Kermode Observer film |date=2021-09-26 |title=The Green Knight review – a rich and wild fantasy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/sep/26/the-green-knight-review-david-lowery-dev-patel-gawain |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Also, Bertilak and the Green Knight are never connected.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mills|first1=Maldwyn|year=1991|title=Review|journal=The Yearbook of English Studies|volume=21|pages=336–337|doi=10.2307/3508519|jstor=3508519}}</ref> On 30 July 2021, ''[[The Green Knight (film)|The Green Knight]]'' was released, directed by American filmmaker [[David Lowery (director)|David Lowery]] for [[A24]] and starring [[Dev Patel]] as Gawain and [[Ralph Ineson]] as the Green Knight,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Squires |first=John |date=17 December 2020 |title=A24 Finally Sets New Summer 2021 Release Date for 'The Green Knight' |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3645413/a24-finally-sets-new-summer-2021-release-date-green-knight/ |access-date=26 July 2021 |website=[[Bloody Disgusting]]}}</ref> albeit with some significant deviations from the original story.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Robinson|first=Joanna|date=30 July 2021|title=The Green Knight's Ending, Explained|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2021/07/green-knight-ending-explained-does-he-die-gawain-dev-patel|access-date=14 November 2021|magazine=Vanity Fair|language=en-US}}</ref>

There have been at least two television adaptations, J.M. Phillips’s, Gawain and the Green Knight in 1991, adapted by [[David Rudkin]] (responsible for folk-horror classic [[Penda's Fen|Penda’s Fen]]) was a T.V play made by Thames Television,<ref>{{Citation |last=Phillips |first=John Michael |title=Gawain and the Green Knight |date=1991-12-24 |type=Drama, Fantasy |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0387245/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |others=Malcolm Storry, Valerie Gogan, Jason Durr |publisher=Thames Television}}</ref> and the animated ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'' in 2002. The BBC broadcast a documentary presented by [[Simon Armitage]] in which the journey depicted in the poem is traced, using what are believed to be the actual locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00kvbny|title=Sir Gawain and the Green Knight|work=[[BBC Four]]|date=17 August 2010|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> A partial adaptation appears in the ''[[Adventure Time]]'' episode "Seventeen," which breaks from the original story after the main character, Finn, decapitates the Green Knight.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adventure Time: Seventeen |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7650228/ |website=IMDB |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fahey |first1=Richard |title=Fern: Adapting the Green Knight in Adventure Time |url=https://sites.nd.edu/manuscript-studies/2022/09/14/fern-adapting-the-green-knight-in-adventure-time/ |website=Medieval Studies Research Blog: Meet Us at the Crossroads of Everything |publisher=University of Notre Dame }}</ref>

===Theatre===
The Tyneside Theatre company presented a stage version of ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'' at the [[Northern Stage, Newcastle upon Tyne|University Theatre]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] at Christmas 1971. It was directed by [[Michael Bogdanov]] and adapted for the stage from the translation by Brian Stone.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Sir Gawain and the Green Knight|last= Stone|first= Brian|year= 1974|publisher= Penguin|isbn= 978-0-140-44092-8|page= [https://archive.org/details/sirgawaingreen00ston/page/138 138]|url= https://archive.org/details/sirgawaingreen00ston/page/138}}</ref>

In 1992 [[Simon Corble]] created an adaptation with medieval songs and music for The Midsommer Actors' Company.<ref>{{cite news|last=Turner|first=Francesca|title=Gawayne and the Green Knight|newspaper=The Guardian|date=7 July 1992}}</ref> Corble later wrote a substantially revised version which was produced indoors at the [[O'Reilly Theatre]], Oxford in February 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nirula|first=Srishti|title=Sir Gawain pulls our strings|url=http://oxfordstudent.com/2014/02/16/sir-gawain-pulls-our-strings/|access-date=17 February 2014|newspaper=The Oxford Student|date=16 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hopkins|first=Andrea|title=Sir Gawain and the Green Knight|url=http://www.dailyinfo.co.uk/reviews/feature/9002/Sir_Gawain_And_The_Green_Knight|access-date=18 February 2014|newspaper=Daily Info, Oxford|date=15 February 2014}}</ref>

===Opera===
''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'' was first adapted as an opera in 1978 by the composer [[Richard Blackford]] on commission from the village of [[Blewbury]], Oxfordshire. The libretto was written for the adaptation by the children's novelist John Emlyn Edwards. The "Opera in Six Scenes" was subsequently recorded by [[Decca Records|Decca]] between March and June 1979 and released on the [[Argo Records (UK)|Argo]] label<ref>{{cite AV media| date=1979|title= Sir Gawain and the Green Knight; an opera in six scenes|author-last=Blackford|author-first=Richard|publisher=The Decca Record Company Ltd. Argo Division|location=London|id=Argo ZK 85}}</ref> in November 1979.

''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'' was adapted into an opera called ''[[Gawain (opera)|Gawain]]'' by [[Harrison Birtwistle]], first performed in 1991. Birtwistle's opera was praised for maintaining the complexity of the poem while translating it into lyric, musical form.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/965691|last=Bye|first=Anthony|date=May 1991|title=Birtwistle's Gawain|journal=[[The Musical Times]]|volume=132|issue=1779|pages=231–33|jstor=965691}}</ref> Another operatic adaptation is Lynne Plowman's ''Gwyneth and the Green Knight'', first performed in 2002. This opera uses ''Sir Gawain'' as the backdrop but refocuses the story on Gawain's female [[squire]], Gwyneth, who is trying to become a knight. Plowman's version was praised for its approachability, as its target is the family audience and young children, but criticised for its use of modern language and occasional preachy nature.<ref>{{cite web| last = Kimberley| first = Nick| title = Classical: The footstomping way to repay a sound investment| work = The Independent on Sunday| date = 11 May 2003| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/birmingham-contemporary-music-group-cbso-centre-birmingham-gwyneth-and-the-green-knight-linbury-590455.html| access-date = 1 March 2016}}</ref>