Editing Shia Islam (section)

===Twelver===
{{main|Twelver}}

'''Twelver Shīʿīsm''' or '''Ithnāʿashariyyah''' is the largest branch of Shia Islam,<ref name="Newman2013">{{cite book |last=Newman |first=Andrew J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ |title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4 |page=2 |chapter=Introduction |access-date=13 October 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ |archive-date=1 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PEW2009" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Guidère |first=Mathieu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCvhzGiDMYsC&pg=PA319 |title=Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8108-7965-2 |page=319}}</ref><ref>Tabataba'i (1979), p. 76</ref><ref>''God's rule: the politics of world religions'', p. 146, Jacob Neusner, 2003</ref><ref>Esposito, John. ''What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam'', Oxford University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-19-515713-0}}. p. 40</ref> and the terms ''Shia Muslim'' and ''Shia'' often refer to the Twelvers by default. The designation ''Twelver'' is derived from the doctrine of believing in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as "[[the Twelve Imams]]". Twelver Shia are otherwise known as ''Imami'' or ''Jaʿfari''; the latter term derives from [[Ja'far al-Sadiq|Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq]], the [[The Twelve Imams|6th Shīʿīte Imam]], who elaborated the Twelver jurisprudence.<ref>{{harvnb|Cornell|2007|p=237}}</ref> Twelver Shia constitute the majority of the population in [[Iran]] (90%),<ref>"Esposito, John. "What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam" Oxford University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-19-515713-0}}. p. 45.</ref> [[Azerbaijan]] (85%),<ref name="Britannica738" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Presidential Library – Religion |url=http://files.preslib.az/projects/remz/pdf_en/atr_din.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123084541/http://files.preslib.az/projects/remz/pdf_en/atr_din.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> and [[Iraq]] (65%). Significant populations also exist in Afghanistan, [[Bahrain]] (40% of Muslims) and [[Lebanon]] (27–29% of Muslims).<ref name="esp45">Esposito, John. "What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam" Oxford University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-19-515713-0}}. p. 45</ref><ref name="review">{{cite web |date=25 March 2011 |title=Challenges For Saudi Arabia Amidst Protests in the Gulf – Analysis |url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/25032011-challenges-for-saudi-arabia-amidst-protests-in-the-gulf-analysis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401034318/http://www.eurasiareview.com/25032011-challenges-for-saudi-arabia-amidst-protests-in-the-gulf-analysis/ |archive-date=1 April 2012 |work=Eurasia Review}}</ref>

====Doctrine====
Twelver doctrine is based on [[Theology of Twelvers|five principles]].<ref name="shiite-doctrine"/> These five principles known as ''Usul ad-Din'' are as follow:<ref name="Rich2006">{{cite book |last=Richter |first=Joanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9fxXEdeIP8C&pg=PA7 |title=Iran: the Culture |date=2006 |publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company |isbn=978-0778791423 |page=7}}</ref>
# '''[[Tawhid|Monotheism]]''': [[God in Islam|God]] is one and unique;
# '''[[Adl|Justice]]''': the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, fairness, and equity, along with the punishment of the breach of these ethics;
# '''[[Nubuwwah|Prophethood]]''': the institution by which God sends emissaries, or prophets, to guide humankind;
# '''[[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Leadership]]''': a divine institution which succeeded the institution of Prophethood. Its appointees (''Imams'') are divinely appointed;
# '''[[Day of Resurrection|Resurrection and Last Judgment]]''': God's final assessment of humanity.

====Books====
Besides the [[Quran]], which is the [[Islamic holy books|sacred text]] common to all Muslims, Twelver Shias derive scriptural and authoritative guidance from [[List of hadith Books|collections of sayings and traditions]] ([[hadith]]) attributed to Muhammad and the Twelve Imams. Below is a list of some of the most prominent of these books:
* ''[[Nahj al-Balagha]]'' by [[Al-Sharif al-Radi|Ash-Sharif Ar-Radhi]]<ref>Nahj al-balaghah, Mohaghegh (researcher) 'Atarodi Ghoochaani, the introduction of Sayyid Razi, p. 1</ref> – the most famous collection of sermons, letters & narration attributed to Ali, the first Imam regarded by Shias
* ''[[Kitab al-Kafi]]'' by [[Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Al-Kafi Book I: Intellect and Foolishness |publisher=Taqwa Media |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-939420-00-8}}</ref>
* ''[[Wasa'il al-Shia|Wasa'il al-Shiʻah]]'' by [[al-Hurr al-Amili]]

====The Twelve Imams====
{{main|Imamate in Twelver doctrine|The Twelve Imams|Hadith of the Twelve Successors|l2 = Sunni reports about there being 12 successors to the Prophet}}
{{further|Occultation (Islam)|Reappearance of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi|The Fourteen Infallibles}}

According to the theology of Twelvers, the successor of Muhammad is an [[Ismah|infallible]] human individual who not only rules over the [[Ummah|Muslim community]] with justice but also is able to keep and interpret the [[Sharia|divine law]] (''sharīʿa'') and its esoteric meaning. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the Twelve Imams are a guide and model for the Muslim community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and [[Islamic views on sin|sin]], and Imams must be chosen by [[Nass (Islam)|divine decree]] (''nass'') through Muhammad.<ref name="Nasr_a" /><ref name="Momen 1985, p. 174" /> The twelfth and final Imam is [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi]], who is believed by Twelvers to be currently alive and hidden in [[Occultation (Islam)|Occultation]].<ref name="Imamat" />

====Jurisprudence====
{{main|Ja'fari jurisprudence}}
{{further|Shia clergy}}

The Twelver jurisprudence is called ''[[Jaʽfari jurisprudence]]''. In this [[Madhhab#Shia|school of Islamic jurisprudence]], the ''[[sunnah]]'' is considered to be comprehensive of the oral traditions of Muhammad and their implementation and interpretation by the Twelve Imams. There are three schools of Jaʿfari jurisprudence: Usuli, Akhbari, and [[Shaykhism|Shaykhi]]; the Usuli school is by far the largest of the three. Twelver groups that do not follow the Jaʿfari jurisprudence include [[Alevism|Alevis]], [[Bektashi Order|Bektashi]], and [[Qizilbash]].

The [[five pillars of Islam]] to the Jaʿfari jurisprudence are known as ''Usul ad-Din'':
# ''[[Tawhid|Tawḥīd]]'': unity and oneness of God;
# ''[[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Nubuwwah]]'': prophethood of Muhammad;
# ''[[Islamic eschatology#Resurrection and final judgement|Muʿad]]'': resurrection and final judgment;
# ''[[Adl|ʿAdl]]'': justice of God;
# ''[[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imamah]]'': the rightful place of the Shīʿīte Imams.

In Jaʿfari jurisprudence, there are eight secondary pillars, known as ''Furu ad-Din'', which are as follows:<ref name="Rich2006" />
# ''[[Salat]]'' (prayer);
# ''[[Sawm]]'' (fasting);
# ''[[Hajj]]'' (pilgrimage) to [[Mecca]];
# ''[[Zakat|Zakāt]]'' (alms giving to the poor);
# ''[[Jihad|Jihād]]'' (struggle) for the righteous cause;
# [[Ma'ruf|Directing others towards good]];
# [[Forbidding what is evil|Directing others away from evil]];
# ''[[Khums]]'' (20% tax on savings yearly, after deduction of commercial expenses).

According to Twelvers, defining and interpretation of [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence (''fiqh'')]] is the responsibility of Muhammad and the Twelve Imams. Since the [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|12th Imam]] is currently in [[Occultation (Islam)|Occultation]], it is the duty of [[Shia clergy|Shīʿīte clerics]] to refer to the [[Islamic literature]], such as the [[Quran]] and [[hadith]], and identify legal decisions within the confines of [[Sharia|Islamic law]] to provide means to deal with current issues from an Islamic perspective. In other words, clergymen in Twelver Shīʿīsm are believed to be the guardians of ''fiqh'', which is believed to have been defined by Muhammad and his twelve successors. This process is known as ''[[ijtihad]]'' and the clerics are known as ''[[Marja'|marjaʿ]]'', meaning "reference"; the labels ''[[Allamah]]'' and ''[[Ayatollah]]'' are in use for Twelver clerics.

====Islamists====
[[Islamist Shi'ism|Islamist Shīʿīsm]] ({{langx|fa|تشیع اخوانی}}) is a new denomination within [[Twelver Shi’ism|Twelver Shīʿīsm]] greatly inspired by the political ideology of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and mysticism of [[Ibn Arabi]]. It sees Islam as a political system and differs from the other mainstream [[Usuli]] and [[Akhbari]] groups in favoring the idea of the establishment of an [[Islamic state]] in [[Occultation (Islam)|Occultation]] under the rule of the [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|12th Imam]].{{sfn|Khalaji|2009|p=64}}{{sfn|Bohdan|2020|p=243}} [[Hadi Khosroshahi]] was the first person to identify himself as ''[[Ikhwan al-Muslimeen|ikhwani]]'' (Islamist) Shia Muslim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-01 |title=اخوانی گوشه‌نشین |url=https://plus.irna.ir/news/83696140/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87-%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523163121/https://plus.irna.ir/news/83696140/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87-%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=ایرنا پلاس |language=fa}}</ref> Because of the concept of the hidden Imam, [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]], Shia Islam is inherently secular in the age of Occultation, therefore Islamist Shia Muslims had to borrow ideas from Sunnī Islamists and adjust them in accordance with the doctrine of Shīʿīsm.{{sfn|Bohdan|2020|pp=250–251}} Its foundations were laid during the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]] at the start of 20th century in [[Qajar Iran|Qajar Empire]] (1905–1911), when [[Fazlullah Nouri]] supported the [[List of monarchs of Persia|Persian king]] [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]] against the will of [[Muhammad Kazim Khurasani]], the Usuli ''[[Marja'|marjaʿ]]'' of the time.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hermann |first=Denis |date=1 May 2013 |title=Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263206.2013.783828 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=49 |issue=3 |page=437 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2013.783828 |issn=0026-3206 |s2cid=143672216}}</ref>