Editing Shanghai (section)

== Education and research ==
{{Main|Education in Shanghai|Education in China|Higher education in China}}
{{Main list|List of universities and colleges in Shanghai}}{{See also|Rankings of universities in China|List of universities in China|Double First-Class Construction|label 1=}}[[File:Xuhui Liberary Scene 01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]] Library|upright]]

Shanghai is an international center of research and development and as of 2024, it was ranked [[List of cities by scientific output|second globally]] (after [[Beijing]]) by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the [[Nature Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities 2024 {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref> It is also a major center of [[higher education in China]]. As of 2023, Shanghai had 68 universities and colleges, ranking first in [[East China]] region as a city with most higher education institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=全国普通高等学校名单 – 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=hudong.moe.gov.cn |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621120742/https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Shanghai has many highly ranked educational institutions,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=All 30 Universities in Shanghai {{!}} Rankings 2022 |url=https://www.universityguru.com/universities-shanghai |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=UniversityGuru |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411205632/https://www.universityguru.com/universities-shanghai |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="U.S. News & World Report-2021" /> with 15 universities listed in [[Double First-Class Construction|147 Double First-Class Universities]] ranking second nationwide among all cities in China (after Beijing). A number of [[Rankings of universities in China|China's most prestigious universities]] appearing in the global university rankings are based in Shanghai, including [[Fudan University]], [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]], [[Tongji University]], [[East China Normal University]], [[Shanghai University]], [[East China University of Science and Technology]], [[Donghua University]], [[Shanghai University of Finance and Economics]], [[ShanghaiTech University]], [[Shanghai International Studies University]], [[University of Shanghai for Science and Technology]], [[Shanghai University of Electric Power]], [[Shanghai Normal University]], [[Shanghai Maritime University]], [[Second Military Medical University]], [[Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine]], [[Shanghai Ocean University]], [[Shanghai University of Engineering Science]], [[Shanghai Institute of Technology]], [[Shanghai Conservatory of Music]], and [[Shanghai University of Sport]].<ref name="U.S. News & World Report-2021">{{cite web |date=25 June 2024 |title=US News Best Global Universities in Shanghai |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/china?city=shanghai |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214651/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/china?city=shanghai |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Top 10 institutions in Shanghai_Nature Index 2020 Science Cities |url = https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2020-science-cities/tables/shanghai |access-date = 8 October 2020 |website = natureindex.com |archive-date = 7 September 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214644/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2020-science-cities/tables/shanghai |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929224804/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some of these universities were selected as "[[Project 985|985 universities]]" or "[[Project 211|211 universities]]" since the 90s by the Chinese government in order to build world-class universities.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/985_Project_3_4.html |title = Shanghai 985 Project Universities list |website = China's University and College Admission System |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191028062423/https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/985_Project_3_4.html|archive-date=28 October 2019 |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Shanghai 211 Project Universities {{!}} Study in China {{!}} CUCAS |url = https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/211_Project_3_5.html |access-date = 8 December 2020 |website = cucas.cn |archive-date = 10 March 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210310193701/https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/211_Project_3_5.html |url-status = live}}</ref>
[[File:Fudan-guanghualou2.jpg|thumb|[[Fudan University]]]]
Shanghai is a seat of two members ([[Fudan University]] and [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]) of the [[C9 League]], an alliance of elite Chinese universities offering comprehensive and leading education,<ref>{{cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Eastern stars: Universities of China's C9 League excel in select fields |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/eastern-stars-universities-of-chinas-c9-league-excel-in-select-fields/415193.article |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225152504/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/eastern-stars-universities-of-chinas-c9-league-excel-in-select-fields/415193.article |url-status=live}}</ref> and these two universities are ranked consistently in the Asia top 10,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2023 |title=Asia University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/regional-ranking |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014042657/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/regional-ranking |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=QS Asia University Rankings 2023 – Overall |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asia-university-rankings/2023 |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=Top Universities |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322173427/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asia-university-rankings/2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in the global top 100 [[Research university|research comprehensive universities]] according to the most influential university rankings in the world such as [[QS Rankings]], [[Shanghai rankings|Shanghai Rankings]], [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|Times Higher Education Rankings]] and [[U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking|''U.S. News & World Report'' Best Global Universities Ranking]].<ref>{{cite web |date=30 November 2015 |title=Shanghai |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/qs-best-student-cities/shanghai |access-date=8 October 2020 |website=Top Universities |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812081546/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/qs-best-student-cities/shanghai |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 October 2020 |title=Best universities in Shanghai |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-shanghai |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=Student |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203001007/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-shanghai |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = World University Rankings – 2020 {{!}} China Universities in Top 1000 universities {{!}} Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2020 {{!}} Shanghai Ranking – 2020 |url = http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings-2020/China.html |access-date = 26 February 2021 |website = Shanghairanking.com |archive-date = 15 April 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020645/http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings-2020/China.html |url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="U.S. News & World Report-2021" /> Fudan University established a joint [[Executive MBA|EMBA]] program with [[Washington University in St. Louis]] in 2002 which has since consistently been ranked as one of the best in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business school rankings from the Financial Times |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/executive-mba-ranking-2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318014233/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/executive-mba-ranking-2019 |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=28 February 2020 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Executive MBA in Shanghai {{!}} WashU Olin Business School |url=https://olin.wustl.edu/EN-US/executive-programs/executive-mba-shanghai/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=28 February 2020 |website=olin.wustl.edu |archive-date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318005044/https://olin.wustl.edu/EN-US/executive-programs/executive-mba-shanghai/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>

The other two members of the "[[Project 985]]", [[Tongji University]] and [[East China Normal University]], are also based in Shanghai and internationally; they are regarded as one of the most reputable [[Chinese universities]] by the ''[[Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings]]'' where they ranked 150–175th globally.<ref>{{cite web |date = 25 October 2021 |title = World Reputation Rankings |url = https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/reputation-ranking |access-date = 29 October 2021 |website = Times Higher Education (THE) |language = en |archive-date = 28 October 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028135916/https://lax1-ib.adnxs.com/vevent?an_audit=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2021%2Freputation-ranking%23%21%2Fpage%2F0%2Flength%2F25%2Fsort_by%2Frank%2Fsort_order%2Fasc%2Fcols%2Fstats&e=wqT_3QKADfBVgAYAAAMA1gAFAQip2eqLBhCbronj6pzyw1wYqPze65mVyu0aKjYJHgnVb6xV9z8Rr-sXHY-Z9D8ZAAAAgOtREkAhq8_VVuwv9T8pAAAAAAAA-D8xAAABG7joPzCJg_cJOEpAnAVIAlCKg_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_EQGwAaoFJDJDOTIyOEFELTA2QzEtNDdCRS05RjdCLTIzRjc4NTkzM0ZEMcAFAMkFAU8YAADwP9IFCQVbAQFw2AUB4AUB8AXbkEH6BQQIABAAkAYAmAYAuAYAwQYBIQExINAG1gHaBhYKEAkRGQFcEAAYAOAGAfIGAggAgAcBiAcAoAcBugcLAUg4GAA40h5AAcgH1M4F0gcNFXIBNAjaBwYJIzDgBwDqBwIIAPAHAPoHCfEBAQHxBQEEgghKFQA.&s=d4c207765a527a56423179720763c81ed7546d6f&type=nv&nvt=5&jm=1003&px=691&py=1825&bw=300&bh=600&sid=4266722271880150286&vd=ct~0%7Crr~0&sv=220&tv=view7-1js&ua=chrome52&pl=linux&x=v&tag_id=20824457&cid=3&cr=nv&sw=1600&sh=1000&pw=1025&ph=11392&ww=1025&wh=11392&ft=2 |url-status = live}}</ref> The city is also home to the [[Shanghai University of Sport]], which consistently ranks the best in China among universities specialized in sports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking of Chinese Sport Science Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202326 |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718023021/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202326 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2024, Shanghai University of Sport ranks #1 in Asia and #29 globally according to the "Global Ranking of Sport Science Schools and Departments" released by [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|Shanghai Ranking]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Sport Science Schools and Departments |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/grsssd/2024 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.shanghairanking.com}}</ref>

The city has many {{ill|Chinese–foreign joint education institutes|zh|中外合作办学}}, such as the [[Shanghai University]]–[[University of Technology Sydney]] Business School since 1994, the [[University of Michigan]]–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute since 2006, and [[New York University Shanghai]]—the first China–U.S. joint venture university—since 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/13/WS5b20522ca31001b825720035.html |title=Program offers global degrees – Chinadaily.com.cn |last=He|first=Qi|date=13 June 2018|website=China Daily|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024074949/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/13/WS5b20522ca31001b825720035.html|archive-date=24 October 2019|access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chisa.edu.cn/rmtnews1/guandian/201810/t20181030_118361.html|script-title=zh:上海中外合作办学走过25年 已在各区遍地开花 |work=[[Xinmin Evening News]] |last1=Wang|first1=Wei|last2=Lu|first2=Zihua|date=30 October 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024115730/http://www.chisa.edu.cn/rmtnews1/guandian/201810/t20181030_118361.html|archive-date=24 October 2019|access-date=24 October 2019|language=zh}}</ref> In 2013, the Shanghai Municipality and the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] founded the [[ShanghaiTech University]] in the [[Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park]] in Pudong.<ref>Rouhi, Maureen (19 January 2015). [http://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i3/ShanghaiTech-Aims-Raise-Bar-Higher.html "ShanghaiTech Aims To Raise The Bar For Higher Education In China"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119203749/http://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i3/ShanghaiTech-Aims-Raise-Bar-Higher.html |date=19 November 2015}}. ''Chemical & Engineering News''. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</ref> Shanghai is also home to the cadre school [[China Executive Leadership Academy in Pudong]] and the [[China Europe International Business School]]. The city government's education agency is the [[Shanghai Municipal Education Commission]].

The city is also a seat of the [[Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences]], China's oldest [[think tank]] for the [[humanities]] and [[social sciences]]. It is the largest one outside the capital of Beijing after the [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2019 |title=上海社会科学院 |url=http://english.sass.org.cn:8001/introductionOoverview/index.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910071056/http://english.sass.org.cn:8001/introductionOoverview/index.jhtml |archive-date=10 September 2019 |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>

By the end of 2023, the city also had a total of 49 institutions for postgraduate education, 68 institutions for higher education, 900 secondary schools, 70 vocational schools, 664 primary schools, and 31 special education schools.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> In Shanghai, the nine years of [[compulsory education]]—including five years of [[primary education]] and four years of [[Education in China#Junior secondary|junior secondary]] education—are free, with a [[gross enrollment ratio]] of over 99.9%.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> The city's compulsory education system is among the best in the world: in 2009 and 2012, 15-year-old students from Shanghai ranked first in every subject (math, reading, and science) in the [[Program for International Student Assessment]], a worldwide study of academic performance conducted by the OECD.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dillon |first=Sam |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/07/education/07education.html |title=In PISA Test, Top Scores From Shanghai Stun Experts |newspaper=The New York Times |date=7 December 2010 |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110512225939/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/07/education/07education.html |archive-date=12 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14812822 |title=How China is winning the school race |publisher=BBC |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181102134543/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14812822 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The consecutive three-year [[senior secondary education]] is priced and uses the [[Senior High School Entrance Examination]] (''Zhongkao'') as a selection process, with a gross enrollment ratio of 98%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/download/gongkai/hff1661.pdf|script-title=zh:上海市教育改革和发展“十三五暠规划|page=7|date=16 August 2016|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918070130/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/download/gongkai/hff1661.pdf|archive-date=18 September 2017|access-date=2019-10-26|language=zh}}</ref> Among all senior high schools, the four with the best teaching quality—[[Shanghai High School]], [[No. 2 High School Attached to East China Normal University]], [[High School Affiliated to Fudan University]], and [[High School Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]—are termed "The Four Schools" ({{lang|zh|"四校"}}) of Shanghai.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw2315/nw17239/nw17245/u21aw1304192.html |script-title=zh:新中考名额分配补充说明发布 “四校”65%招生计划数参与名额分配 |date=19 April 2018 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191026022539/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw2315/nw17239/nw17245/u21aw1304192.html |archive-date = 26 October 2019 |access-date = 26 October 2019 |language=zh-CN}}</ref> {{as of|October 2019}}, the city's [[National College Entrance Examination]] (''Gaokao'') is structured under the "3+3" system, in which all general senior high school students study three compulsory subjects (Chinese, English, and math) and three subjects chosen from six options (physics, chemistry, biology, history, geography, and politics).<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.cnr.cn/native/city/201409/t20140919_516469262.shtml |script-title=zh:上海市公布深化高校考试招生制度综合改革试点方案 |website = CNR.cn |date=19 September 2014 |access-date=26 October 2019 |language=zh-CN |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191026022541/http://news.cnr.cn/native/city/201409/t20140919_516469262.shtml |archive-date=26 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>