Editing Scar (section)

==Research==
{{Further|Scar free healing}}
Research, before 2009, focused on scar improvements with research into molecular mechanisms. Treatments involving molecular mechanisms including avotermin,<ref name="ferguson">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60322-6 |pmid=19362676 |title=Prophylactic administration of avotermin for improvement of skin scarring: Three double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I/II studies |journal=The Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9671 |pages=1264–1274 |year=2009 |last1=Ferguson |first1=Mark WJ |last2=Duncan |first2=Jonathan |last3=Bond |first3=Jeremy |last4=Bush |first4=James |last5=Durani |first5=Piyush |last6=So |first6=Karen |last7=Taylor |first7=Lisa |last8=Chantrey |first8=Jonquille |last9=Mason |first9=Tracey |last10=James |first10=Gaynor |last11=Laverty |first11=Hugh |last12=Occleston |first12=Nick L. |last13=Sattar |first13=Abdul |last14=Ludlow |first14=Anna |last15=O'Kane |first15=Sharon |s2cid=35671002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60705-4 |pmid=19362658 |title=Wound healing: From embryos to adults and back again |journal=The Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9671 |pages=1226–1228 |year=2009 |last1=Tredget |first1=Edward E. |last2=Ding |first2=Jie |s2cid=10236414 }}</ref> [[ribosomal s6 kinase]] (RSK),<ref>{{cite news |title=Liver damage 'could be reversed' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7152415.stm |date=27 December 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=1 January 2008}}</ref> and [[osteopontin]]<ref>[http://jem.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/205/1/43 'Molecular mechanisms linking wound inflammation and fibrosis: knockdown of osteopontin leads to rapid repair and reduced scarring']</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7199897.stm | work=BBC News | title=Gel 'to speed up wound healing' | date=22 January 2008 | access-date=23 May 2010}}</ref> were investigated at the time. After successful phase I/II [[clinical trial|trials]],<ref name="ferguson" /> human recombinant [[Transforming growth factor, beta 3|TGF-β3]] (avotermin, planned trade name Juvista) failed in Phase III trials.<ref>[http://www.thepharmaletter.com/file/102058/renovo-shares-plummet-75-as-scar-revision-product-juvista-fails-to-meet-study-endpoints.html Renovo shares plummet 75% as scar revision product Juvista fails to meet study endpoints], 14 February 2011</ref>
In 2011, the scientific literature highlighted stress shielding a fresh wound through the wound healing process, brings significant scar improvement and smaller scars.<ref name="scarStress2011" /><ref name="scarStressRev">{{cite journal | title = Updated Scar Management Practical Guidelines: Non-invasive and invasive measures | last = Monstrey | first = Stan | date = 1 August 2014 | journal = Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery | volume = 67 | issue = 8 | pages = 1017–25 | doi = 10.1016/j.bjps.2014.04.011 | pmid = 24888226 | doi-access = free | hdl = 11577/2834337 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

By 2016, skin had been regenerated ''[[in vivo]]'' and ''[[in vitro]]''. and scar-free healing had been operationalized and induced by four main regeneration techniques: by instrument, by materials, by drugs, and by ''in vitro'' 3-D printing. In 2018, a [[silk]]-derived [[sericin]] [[hydrogel]] dressing  was undergoing research, the material was shown to prevent scar formation.<ref name="cw">{{cite news |last=Dey |first=Becky |url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/silk-route-to-scar-free-skin/3009682.article |title=Silk route to scar-free skin |work=[[Chemistry World]] |date=2018-10-29 |access-date=2019-06-18 }}</ref> By 2021, more people were paying attention to the possibility of scar revision and new technologies.<ref name=scarRevisionProgression2021>{{cite journal | last = Tang | first = Xuwen | author-link = | title = Micro-compound tissue grafting for repairing linear scars | journal = Chinese Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 3 | issue = 4 | pages = 202–203 | location = China | date = 1 December 2021 | doi = 10.1016/j.cjprs.2021.11.002 | s2cid = 244827273 | language = English | issn = 2096-6911 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

In 2021, researchers found that, [[verteporfin]], an [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]]-approved drug for eye disease, could enable scar-free healing in mice. According to the study, the drug works by blocking mechanical stress signals in [[fibroblast]] cells.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaughan |first=Christopher |date=22 April 2021 |title=Researchers find drug that enables healing without scarring |url=https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2021/04/drug-enables-healing-without-scarring.html |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Stanford Medicine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mascharak |first1=Shamik |last2=desJardins-Park |first2=Heather E. |last3=Davitt |first3=Michael F. |last4=Griffin |first4=Michelle |last5=Borrelli |first5=Mimi R. |last6=Moore |first6=Alessandra L. |last7=Chen |first7=Kellen |last8=Duoto |first8=Bryan |last9=Chinta |first9=Malini |last10=Foster |first10=Deshka S. |last11=Shen |first11=Abra H. |last12=Januszyk |first12=Michael |last13=Kwon |first13=Sun Hyung |last14=Wernig |first14=Gerlinde |last15=Wan |first15=Derrick C. |date=2021-04-23 |title=Preventing Engrailed-1 activation in fibroblasts yields wound regeneration without scarring |journal=Science |language=en |volume=372 |issue=6540 |doi=10.1126/science.aba2374 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=9008875 |pmid=33888614}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolata |first=Gina |date=22 April 2021 |title=Imagine, Surgery Without a Scar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/22/health/surgery-scar.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231209113757/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/22/health/surgery-scar.html |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref>