Editing Satanic panic (section)

==Dissociative identity disorder==
SRA has been linked to [[dissociative identity disorder]] (DID, formerly known as [[multiple personality disorder]] or MPD),<ref name=Van1990/><ref name=Young1991>{{cite journal |author1=Young WC |author2=Sachs RG |author3=Braun BG |author4=Watkins RT |title=Patients reporting ritual abuse in childhood: a clinical syndrome. Report of 37 cases |journal=Child Abuse Negl |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=181–89 |year=1991 |pmid=2043970 |doi=10.1016/0145-2134(91)90063-J}}</ref> with some DID patients also alleging cult abuse.<ref name=EAS>{{cite book |chapter=The extreme abuse surveys: Preliminary findings regarding dissociative identity disorder |last=Becker |first=T |author2=Karriker W |author3=Overkamp B |author4= Rutz, C  |year=2008 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4DIOjyvyvxYC&pg=PT37 32–49] |title=Forensic aspects of dissociative identity disorder |editor1-last=Sachs |editor1-first=A |editor2-last=Galton |editor2-first=G |publisher=Karnac Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-85575-596-3}}</ref><ref name=Sachs>{{cite conference |author=Sachs, R. |author2=Braun, B.  |year=1987 |title=Issues in treating MPD patients with satanic cult involvement |conference=Fourth International Conference on Multiple Personality/Dissociative States |book-title=Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Multiple Personality/Dissociative States |pages=383–87 |publisher=Rush-Presbyterian-St.Luke's Medical Center |location=Chicago}} as cited in {{cite book |author=Sakheim, D.K. |year=1992 |title=Out of Darkness: Exploring Satanism and Ritual Abuse |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-669-26962-8}}</ref>  The first person to write a first-person narrative about SRA was Michelle Smith, co-author of ''[[Michelle Remembers]]''; Smith was diagnosed with DID by her therapist and later husband [[Lawrence Pazder]].{{sfn |Victor |1993 |p=[https://archive.org/details/satanicpaniccrea00vict/page/n100 81]}}  Psychiatrists involved with the [[International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation]] (ISSTD, then called the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation), especially associate editor [[Bennett G. Braun]], uncritically promoted the idea that actual groups of persons who worshiped Satan were abusing and ritually sacrificing children and, furthermore, that thousands of persons were recovering actual memories of such abuse during therapy,<ref>{{citation |last=Keenan |first=M |title=The Devil and Dr. Braun |url=http://www.fmsfonline.org/braun.html |publisher=[[False Memory Syndrome Foundation]] |work=FMSF Newsletter (Email Edition) |date=1995-09-01 |volume=4 |issue=2 |access-date=2013-03-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129081216/http://www.fmsfonline.org/braun.html |archive-date=2013-01-29 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Noll|first=Richard|date=December 6, 2013|title=When Psychiatry Battled the Devil |url=https://www.garygreenbergonline.com/w/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Psychiatric_Times_-_When_Psychiatry_Battled_the_Devil_-_2013-12-06.pdf|access-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref> openly discussing such claims in the organization's journal, ''Dissociation''. In a 1989 editorial, ''Dissociation'' editor-in-chief Richard Kluft likened clinicians who did not speak of their patients with recovered memories of SRA to the "good Germans" during [[the Holocaust]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kluft |first=RP |year=1989 |title=Editorial: Reflections on Allegations of Ritual Abuse |url=http://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/1486/Diss_2_4_10_OCR_rev.pdf?sequence=4 |journal=Dissociation |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=191–193 |access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> One particularly controversial article found parallels between SRA accounts and pre-Inquisition historical records of satanism, hence claimed to find support for the existence of ancient and intergenerational satanic cults.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=S |last2=Goodwin |first2=J |title=Satanism: Similarities between patient accounts and pre-Inquisition historical accounts |journal=Dissociation |year=1989 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=39–44 |url=http://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/1408 |access-date=2013-03-03}}</ref> A review of these claims by sociologist [[Mary de Young]] in a 1994 ''Behavioral Sciences and the Law'' article noted that the historical basis for these claims, and in particular their continuity of cults, ceremonies and rituals was questionable.<ref name = DeYoung1994>{{cite journal |last=De Young |first=Mary |author-link=Mary de Young |title=One Face of the Devil: The Satanic Ritual Abuse Moral Crusade and the Law |journal=Behavioral Sciences and the Law |year=1994 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=389–407 |doi=10.1002/bsl.2370120408 |issn=1099-0798}}</ref> However at an ISSTD conference in November 1990, psychiatrist and researcher Frank Putnam, then chief of the Dissociative Disorders Unit of the [[National Institute of Mental Health]] in [[Bethesda, Maryland]], led a plenary session panel that proved to be the first public presentation of psychiatric, historical and law enforcement skepticism concerning SRA claims. Other members of the panel included psychiatrist George Ganaway, anthropologist Sherrill Mulhern, and psychologist [[Richard Noll]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Braun|first=Bennett G.|title=Dissociative Disorders, 1990: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multiple Personality/Dissociative States...November 9–11, 1990|year=1990|publisher=Dissociative Disorders Program, Dept. of Psychiatry, Rush University |location=Chicago}}</ref>  Putnam, a skeptic, was viewed by SRA advocates in attendance as using fellow skeptics such as Noll and Mulhern as allies in a disinformation campaign to split the SRA-believing community.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lockwood |first=C |title=Other Alters: Roots and Realities of Cultic and Satanic Ritual Abuse and Multiple Personality Disorder |year=1993 |publisher=CompCare Publishers |location=Minneapolis, MN |pages=14, 17 |isbn=978-0-89638-363-0}}</ref>

A survey of 12,000 cases of alleged ritual or religious abuse found that most were diagnosed with DID as well as [[post-traumatic stress disorder]].<ref name=Bottoms1996/> The level of [[dissociation (psychology)|dissociation]] in a sample of women alleging SRA was found to be higher than a comparable sample of non-SRA peers, approaching the levels shown by patients diagnosed with DID.<ref name=Leavitt1994>{{cite journal |author=Leavitt, F. |year=1994 |title=Clinical Correlates of Alleged Satanic Abuse and Less Controversial Sexual Molestation |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=387–92 |url=http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ483422&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ483422 |access-date=2008-06-15 |doi=10.1016/0145-2134(94)90041-8|pmid=8187024 }}</ref> A sample of patients diagnosed with DID and reporting childhood SRA also present other symptoms including "dissociative states with satanic overtones, severe post-traumatic stress disorder, survivor guilt, bizarre [[Self-harm|self abuse]], unusual fears, sexualization of sadistic impulses, indoctrinated beliefs, and substance abuse."<ref name=Young1991/> Commenting on the study, Philip Coons stated that patients were held together in a ward dedicated to dissociative disorders with ample opportunity to socialize, and that the memories were recovered through the use of hypnosis (which he considered questionable).<ref name=Coons/> No cases were referred to law enforcement for verification, nor was verification attempted through family members. Coons also pointed out that existing injuries could have been self-inflicted, that the experiences reported were "strikingly similar" and that "many of the SRA reports developed while patients were hospitalized."<ref name=Fraser/> The reliability of memories of DID clients who alleged SRA in treatment has been questioned and a point of contention in the popular media and with clinicians; many of the allegations made are fundamentally impossible and alleged survivors lack the physical scars that would result were their allegations true.<ref name=Van1990/>

Many women claiming to be SRA survivors have been diagnosed with DID, and it is unclear if their claims of childhood abuse are accurate or a manifestation of their diagnosis.{{sfn |Victor |1993 |p=[https://archive.org/details/satanicpaniccrea00vict/page/n108 89]}} Of a sample of 29 patients who presented with SRA, 22 were diagnosed with dissociative disorders including DID. The authors noted that 58 percent of the SRA claims appeared in the years following the Geraldo Rivera special on SRA and a further 34 percent following a workshop on SRA presented in the area; in only two patients were the memories elicited without the use of "questionable therapeutic practices for memory retrieval".<ref name=Coons/> Claims of SRA by DID patients have been called "...often nothing more than fantastic pseudomemories implanted or reinforced in psychotherapy"<ref name="pmid15503730">{{cite journal |author1=Piper A |author2=Merskey H |title=The persistence of folly: a critical examination of dissociative identity disorder. Part I. The excesses of an improbable concept |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue=9 |pages=592–600 |year=2004 |pmid=15503730 |doi=10.1177/070674370404900904 |s2cid=16714465 |doi-access=free |url=http://ww1.cpa-apc.org/8080/Publications/Archives/CJP/2004/september/piper.pdf}}</ref> and SRA a cultural script of the perception of DID.<ref name="pmid11778708">{{cite journal |author1=Stafford J |author2=Lynn SJ |title=Cultural scripts, memories of childhood abuse, and multiple identities: a study of role-played enactments |journal=Int J Clin Exp Hypn |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=67–85 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11778708 |doi=10.1080/00207140208410091 |s2cid=12740133}}</ref> Some believe that memories of SRA are solely [[Iatrogenesis|iatrogenically]] implanted memories from suggestive [[Psychotherapy|therapeutic]] techniques,<ref name=MakingMonsters>{{cite book|author-link1=Ethan Watters|last1=Watters|first1=Ethan |author-link2=Richard Ofshe|last2=Ofshe|first2=Richard |title=Making monsters: false memories, psychotherapy, and sexual hysteria|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's]]|location=New York|year=1994|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingmonstersfa00ofsh/page/177 177–204]|isbn=978-0-684-19698-5|title-link=Making monsters: false memories, psychotherapy, and sexual hysteria}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Ketcham, Katherine |author2=Loftus, Elizabeth F. |author-link2=Elizabeth Loftus|title=The myth of repressed memory: false memories and allegations of sexual abuse |publisher=[[St. Martin's Griffin]] |location=New York |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-312-14123-3|title-link=The myth of repressed memory: false memories and allegations of sexual abuse }} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=13JZozT2kMYC Google Books Link]) as cited in {{harvnb |Brown |Scheflin |Hammond |1998}}.</ref> though this has been criticized by Daniel Brown, Alan Scheflin and Corydon Hammond for what they argue as over-reaching the scientific data that supports an iatrogenic theory.{{sfn |Brown |Scheflin |Hammond |1998 |p=408}} Others have criticized Hammond specifically for using therapeutic techniques to gather information from clients that rely solely on information fed by the therapist in a manner that highly suggests iatrogenesis.<ref name=MakingMonsters/> Skeptics said that the increase in DID diagnosis in the 1980s and 1990s and its association with memories of SRA is evidence of malpractice by treating professionals.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pendergrast, Mark | author-link=Mark Pendergrast |title=Victims of memory: incest accusations and shattered lives |publisher=Upper Access |location=Hinesburg, Vt |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-942679-16-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZgSSh6L4HIC}}</ref>

Much of the body of literature on the treatment of ritually abused patients focuses on dissociative disorders.<ref name=Fraser/><ref name=RossLoftus>{{cite book |title=Satanic Ritual Abuse: Principles of Treatment |first=CA |last=Ross |year=1996 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-7357-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PkKrgn2CrUC}}</ref>