Editing Romanticism (section)

==Outside the arts==
[[File:Gallen Kallela The Forging of the Sampo.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Akseli Gallen-Kallela]], ''The Forging of the Sampo'', 1893. An artist from Finland deriving inspiration from the Finnish "national epic", the ''[[Kalevala]]'']]

===Sciences===
{{Main|Romanticism in science}}
The Romantic movement affected most aspects of intellectual life, and [[Romanticism in science|Romanticism and science]] had a powerful connection, especially in the period 1800–1840. Many scientists were influenced by versions of the ''[[Naturphilosophie]]'' of [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]], [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling]] and [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] and others, and without abandoning [[empiricism]], sought in their work to uncover what they tended to believe was a unified and organic Nature. The English scientist Sir [[Humphry Davy]], a prominent Romantic thinker, said that understanding nature required "an attitude of admiration, love and worship, [...] a personal response".<ref>Cunningham, A., and Jardine, N., ed. ''Romanticism and the Sciences'', p. 15.</ref> He believed that knowledge was only attainable by those who truly appreciated and respected nature. Self-understanding was an important aspect of Romanticism. It had less to do with proving that man was capable of understanding nature (through his budding intellect) and therefore controlling it, and more to do with the emotional appeal of connecting himself with nature and understanding it through a harmonious co-existence.<ref>Bossi, M., and Poggi, S., ed. ''Romanticism in Science: Science in Europe, 1790–1840'', p.xiv; Cunningham, A., and Jardine, N., ed. ''Romanticism and the Sciences'', p. 2.</ref>

===Historiography===
[[Historiography|History writing]] was very strongly, and many would say harmfully, influenced by Romanticism.<ref>{{cite book|author=E. Sreedharan|title=A Textbook of Historiography, 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJVoi3PIejwC&pg=PR9|year=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|pages=128–68|isbn=978-81-250-2657-0}}</ref> In England, [[Thomas Carlyle]] was a highly influential essayist who turned historian; he both invented and exemplified the phrase "hero-worship",<ref>in his published lectures ''[[On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and The Heroic in History]]'' of 1841</ref> lavishing largely uncritical praise on strong leaders such as [[Oliver Cromwell]], [[Frederick the Great]] and [[Napoleon]]. Romantic nationalism had a largely negative effect on the writing of history in the 19th century, as each nation tended to [[Historiography and nationalism|produce its own version of history]], and the critical attitude, even cynicism, of earlier historians was often replaced by a tendency to create romantic stories with clearly distinguished heroes and villains.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ceri Crossley|title=French Historians and Romanticism: Thierry, Guizot, the Saint-Simonians, Quinet, Michelet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovaIAgAAQBAJ|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-97668-3}}</ref> Nationalist ideology of the period placed great emphasis on racial coherence, and the antiquity of peoples, and tended to vastly overemphasize the continuity between past periods and the present, leading to [[national mysticism]]. Much historical effort in the 20th century was devoted to combating the romantic historical myths created in the 19th century.

===Theology===
To insulate theology from [[scientism]] or [[reductionism]] in science, 19th-century post-Enlightenment German theologians developed a modernist or so-called [[Liberal Christianity|liberal conception of Christianity]], led by [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]] and [[Albrecht Ritschl]]. They took the Romantic approach of rooting religion in the inner world of the human spirit, so that it is a person's feeling or sensibility about spiritual matters that comprises religion.<ref>Philip Clayton and Zachary Simpson, eds. ''The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science'' (2006) p. 161</ref>

===Chess===
{{main|Romantic chess}}

[[Romantic chess]] was the style of [[chess]] which emphasized quick, tactical maneuvers characterized by aesthetic beauty rather than long-term strategic planning, which was considered to be of secondary importance.<ref name="Shenk, 2007">{{cite book |author=David Shenk |title=The Immortal Game: A History of Chess |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385510103 |url-access=registration |year=2007 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385510103/page/99 99]|isbn=978-0-307-38766-0 }}</ref> The Romantic era in chess is generally considered to have begun around the 18th century (although a primarily tactical style of chess was predominant even earlier),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Swaner|first=Billy|date=2021-01-08|title=Chess History Guide : Chess Style Evolution|url=https://www.chess-game-strategies.com/chess-history-guide-chess-style-evolution/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=Chess Game Strategies|language=en-US}}</ref> and to have reached its peak with Joseph MacDonnell and Pierre LaBourdonnais, the two dominant chess players in the 1830s. The 1840s were dominated by [[Howard Staunton]], and other leading players of the era included [[Adolf Anderssen]], [[Daniel Harrwitz]], [[Henry Bird (chess player)|Henry Bird]], [[Louis Paulsen]], and [[Paul Morphy]]. The "[[Immortal Game]]", played by Anderssen and [[Lionel Kieseritzky]] on [[21 June]] 1851 in London—where Anderssen made bold [[sacrifice (chess)|sacrifices]] to secure victory, giving up both [[rook (chess)|rooks]] and a bishop, then his [[queen (chess)|queen]], and then [[checkmate|checkmating]] his opponent with his three remaining [[minor piece]]s—is considered a supreme example of Romantic chess.<ref>{{cite book |title=Teach Yourself Chess |author=Hartston, Bill |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-0-340-67039-2 |year=1996 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chess0000hart_g7f1/page/150 150] |author-link=William Hartston |url=https://archive.org/details/chess0000hart_g7f1/page/150 }}</ref> The end of the Romantic era in chess is considered to be the [[Vienna 1873 chess tournament|1873 Vienna Tournament]] where [[Wilhelm Steinitz]] popularized positional play and the closed game.