Editing Renaissance (section)

===Portugal===
{{main|Portuguese Renaissance}}
[[File:Camões, por Fernão Gomes.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Luís de Camões]], and his seminal work ''[[Os Lusíadas]]'', are considered the greatest poet of the [[Portuguese language]] and the pinnacle of [[Portuguese literature]], respectively.]]
Although Italian Renaissance had a modest impact in Portuguese arts, [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] was influential in broadening the European worldview,<ref name=JCBL>{{cite web |title=Portuguese Overseas Travels and European Readers|url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/Portugal/Overseas.html|work=Portugal and Renaissance Europe|publisher=The John Carter Brown Library Exhibitions, Brown University |access-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112175553/http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/Portugal/Overseas.html |archive-date= 12 November 2011 }}</ref> stimulating humanist inquiry. Renaissance arrived through the influence of wealthy Italian and Flemish merchants who invested in the profitable commerce overseas. As the pioneer headquarters of European exploration, [[Lisbon]] flourished in the late 15th century, attracting experts who made several breakthroughs in mathematics, astronomy and naval technology, including [[Pedro Nunes]], [[João de Castro]], [[Abraham Zacuto]], and [[Martin Behaim]]. Cartographers [[Pedro Reinel]], [[Lopo Homem]], [[Estêvão Gomes]], and [[Diogo Ribeiro (cartographer)|Diogo Ribeiro]] made crucial advances in mapping the world. Apothecary [[Tomé Pires]] and physicians [[Garcia de Orta]] and Cristóvão da Costa collected and published works on plants and medicines, soon translated by Flemish pioneer botanist [[Carolus Clusius]].

In architecture, the huge profits of the [[spice trade]] financed a sumptuous composite style in the first decades of the 16th century, the [[Manueline]], incorporating maritime elements.<ref>{{cite book | editor-last=Bergin | editor-first=Thomas G. | editor-link=Thomas G. Bergin | editor2-last=Speake | editor2-first=Jennifer | editor2-link=Jennifer Speake |title=Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0816054510|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&pg=PP1}}</ref> The primary painters were [[Nuno Gonçalves]], [[Gregório Lopes]], and [[Vasco Fernandes (artist)|Vasco Fernandes]]. In music, [[Pedro de Escobar]] and [[Duarte Lobo]] produced four songbooks, including the [[Cancioneiro de Elvas]].
[[File:TomarConvent-Cloisters1.jpg|thumb|right|The renaissance cloister at the [[Convent of Christ (Tomar)|Convent of Christ]] in [[Tomar, Portugal|Tomar]]]]
In literature, [[Luís de Camões]] inscribed the Portuguese feats overseas in the epic poem ''[[Os Lusíadas]]''. [[Sá de Miranda]] introduced Italian forms of verse and [[Bernardim Ribeiro]] developed [[Pastoral#Pastoral romances|pastoral romance]], while plays by [[Gil Vicente]] fused it with popular culture, reporting the changing times. [[Travel literature]] especially flourished: [[João de Barros]], [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]], [[António Galvão]], [[Gaspar Correia]], [[Duarte Barbosa]], and [[Fernão Mendes Pinto]], among others, described new lands and were translated and spread with the new printing press.<ref name="JCBL"/> After joining the Portuguese exploration of Brazil in 1500, [[Amerigo Vespucci]] coined the term [[New World]],<ref name=Bergin>{{cite book|last1=Bergin|last2=Speake |first2=Jennifer |first1=Thomas G.|title=Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0816054510|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&pg=PP490|page=490}}</ref> in his letters to [[Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici]].

The intense international exchange produced several cosmopolitan humanist scholars, including [[Francisco de Holanda]], [[André de Resende]], and [[Damião de Góis]], a friend of Erasmus who wrote with rare independence on the reign of King [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]]. [[Diogo de Gouveia]] and [[André de Gouveia]] made relevant teaching reforms via France. Foreign news and products in the Portuguese [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in [[Antwerp]] attracted the interest of [[Thomas More]]<ref name=Bietenholz>{{cite book |last1=Bietenholz |first1=Peter G. |last2=Deutscher |first2=Thomas Brian |title=Contemporaries of Erasmus: a biographical register of the Renaissance and Reformation, Volumes 1–3 |year=2003 |publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0802085771|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hruQ386SfFcC&pg=RA1-PA22}}</ref> and [[Albrecht Dürer]] to the wider world.<ref>{{cite book | last=Lach | first=Donald Frederick | year=1994 | title=Asia in the making of Europe: A century of wonder. The literary arts. The scholarly disciplines | publisher=University of Chicago Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhE3sPY78s0C&pg=PA6 | access-date=15 July 2011| isbn=978-0226467337}}</ref> There, profits and know-how helped nurture the [[Dutch Renaissance]] and [[Dutch Golden Age|Golden Age]], especially after the arrival of the wealthy cultured Jewish community [[Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal|expelled from Portugal]].