Editing Redlining (section)

==== Life Expectancy ====
Overall [[life expectancy]] has improved, but there are still discrepancies between the life expectancies of different racial groups.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last1=Richardson |first1=Jason |last2=Mitchell |first2=Bruce C. |last3=Meier |first3=Helen C.S. |last4=Lynch |first4=Emily |last5=Edlebi |first5=Jad |date=September 10, 2020 |title=Redlining and Neighborhood Health |url=https://ncrc.org/holc-health/#:~:text=On%20average%2C%20life%20expectancy%20is,high%2Dgraded%20by%20the%20HOLC. |url-status= |website=NCRC}}</ref> The concentration of disparities in minority neighborhoods, reinforced by redlining, has resulted in worse health outcomes and lower life expectancies in these neighborhoods.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cross |first1=Rebekah Israel |last2=Huỳnh |first2=James |last3=Bradford |first3=Natalie J. |last4=Francis |first4=Brittney |date=2023 |title=Racialized Housing Discrimination and Population Health: a Scoping Review and Research Agenda |journal=Journal of Urban Health |language=en |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=355–388 |doi=10.1007/s11524-023-00725-y |issn=1099-3460 |pmc=10103672 |pmid=37058240}}</ref> Continued economic isolation and property devaluation resulting from redlining have widened the differences in life expectancy between redlined communities and neighboring highly-rated communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Graetz |first1=Nick |last2=Esposito |first2=Michael |date=2023-07-14 |title=Historical Redlining and Contemporary Racial Disparities in Neighborhood Life Expectancy |url=https://academic.oup.com/sf/article/102/1/1/6782835 |journal=Social Forces |language=en |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1093/sf/soac114 |issn=0037-7732}}</ref> When comparing redlined neighborhoods to highly-graded neighborhoods by the [[Home Owners' Loan Corporation]], life expectancy in redlined communities is on average 3.6 years lower. However, there is significant variation in this difference among different cities.<ref name=":02" /> In Baltimore, red or yellow rated communities, meaning "declining," or "risky for mortgage support," had a life expectancy five years shorter than communities rated green or blue, meaning "desirable."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Shuo Jim |last2=Sehgal |first2=Neil Jay |date=2022-01-19 |title=Association of historic redlining and present-day health in Baltimore |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=e0261028 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261028 |doi-access=free |pmid=35045092 |pmc=8769359 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1761028H |issn=1932-6203}}</ref> In Richmond, Virginia, one predominantly black neighborhood has a life expectancy of 21 years shorter than that of a nearby predominantly white neighborhood, which had been highly rated by the HOLC in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godoy |first=Maria |date=November 19, 2020 |title=In U.S. Cities, The Health Effects Of Past Housing Discrimination Are Plain To See |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/19/911909187/in-u-s-cities-the-health-effects-of-past-housing-discrimination-are-plain-to-see |website=NPR}}</ref>