Editing Proteomics (section)

===Biomarkers===
{{Main|Biomarker}}
The [[National Institutes of Health]] has defined a biomarker as "a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Strimbu K, Tavel JA | title = What are biomarkers? | journal = Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 463–466 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20978388 | pmc = 3078627 | doi = 10.1097/COH.0b013e32833ed177 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework | journal = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 69 | issue = 3 | pages = 89–95 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11240971 | doi = 10.1067/mcp.2001.113989 | s2cid = 288484 | author1 = Biomarkers Definitions Working Group }}</ref>

Understanding the proteome, the structure and function of each protein and the complexities of protein–protein interactions are critical for developing the most effective diagnostic techniques and disease treatments in the future. For example, proteomics is highly useful in the identification of candidate biomarkers (proteins in body fluids that are of value for diagnosis), identification of the bacterial antigens that are targeted by the immune response, and identification of possible immunohistochemistry markers of infectious or neoplastic diseases.<ref name=Ceciliani2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ceciliani F, Eckersall D, Burchmore R, Lecchi C | title = Proteomics in veterinary medicine: applications and trends in disease pathogenesis and diagnostics | journal = Veterinary Pathology | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 351–362 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24045891 | doi = 10.1177/0300985813502819 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 25693263 | hdl = 2434/226049 }}</ref>

An interesting use of proteomics is using specific protein biomarkers to diagnose disease. A number of techniques allow to test for proteins produced during a particular disease, which helps to diagnose the disease quickly. Techniques include [[western blot]], [[immunohistochemical staining]], [[enzyme linked immunosorbent assay]] (ELISA) or [[mass spectrometry]].<ref name=Klopfleisch1>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klopfleisch R, Klose P, Weise C, Bondzio A, Multhaup G, Einspanier R, Gruber AD | title = Proteome of metastatic canine mammary carcinomas: similarities to and differences from human breast cancer | journal = Journal of Proteome Research | volume = 9 | issue = 12 | pages = 6380–6391 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 20932060 | doi = 10.1021/pr100671c }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klopfleisch R, Gruber AD | title = Increased expression of BRCA2 and RAD51 in lymph node metastases of canine mammary adenocarcinomas | journal = Veterinary Pathology | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 416–422 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19176491 | doi = 10.1354/vp.08-VP-0212-K-FL | s2cid = 11583190 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Secretomics]], a subfield of proteomics that studies [[secretory protein|secreted proteins]] and secretion pathways using proteomic approaches, has recently emerged as an important tool for the discovery of biomarkers of disease.<ref name=pmid17425459>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hathout Y | title = Approaches to the study of the cell secretome | journal = Expert Review of Proteomics | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–248 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17425459 | doi = 10.1586/14789450.4.2.239 | s2cid = 26169223 }}</ref>