Editing Police (section)

==Development of theory==
[[Michel Foucault]] wrote that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in [[public administration]] and [[statistics]] in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's ''Traité de la Police'' ("Treatise on the Police"), first published in 1705. The German ''[[Polizeiwissenschaft]]'' (Science of Police) first theorized by [[Philipp von Hörnigk]], a 17th-century Austrian [[political economist]] and civil servant, and much more famously by [[Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi]], who produced an important theoretical work known as [[Cameral_science|Cameral science]] on the formulation of police.<ref>For more on Von Justi see ''Security Territory Population'' p. 329 Notes 7 and 8 2007</ref> Foucault cites Magdalene Humpert author of ''Bibliographie der Kameralwissenschaften'' (1937) in which the author makes note of a substantial bibliography was produced of over 4,000 pieces of the practice of ''Polizeiwissenschaft''. However, this may be a mistranslation of Foucault's own work since the actual source of Magdalene Humpert states over 14,000 items were produced from the 16th century dates ranging from 1520 to 1850.<ref>''Security, Territory, Population'' pp. 311–332 p. 330 Note 11 2007</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Handbook of Public Finance|last = Jürgen Backhaus and Richard E. Wagner|first = and |publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers|year = 2005|pages = 3–4}}</ref>

As conceptualized by the ''Polizeiwissenschaft'', according to Foucault the police had an administrative, economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of [[demographics|demographic]] concerns{{Vague|reason=|date=February 2021}} and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of [[raison d'état]] and therefore giving the superficial appearance of empowering the [[population]] (and unwittingly supervising the population), which, according to [[mercantilist]] theory, was to be the main strength of the [[State (polity)|state]]. Thus, its functions largely overreached simple law enforcement activities and included [[public health]] concerns, [[urban planning]] (which was important because of the [[miasma theory of disease]]; thus, [[cemeteries]] were moved out of town, etc.), and surveillance of [[prices]].<ref>[[Michel Foucault]], ''Security, Territory, Population'', pp. 311–332, 333–361. 1977–78 course published in English, 2007.</ref>

[[File:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill detail.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|[[Jeremy Bentham]], philosopher who advocated for the establishment of preventive police forces and influenced the reforms of Sir [[Robert Peel]]]]
The concept of preventive policing, or policing to deter crime from taking place, gained influence in the late 18th century. Police Magistrate [[John Fielding]], head of the [[Bow Street Runners]], argued that "...it is much better to prevent even one man from being a rogue than apprehending and bringing forty to justice."<ref name="Marin">R.J. Marin, "The Living Law." In eds., W.T. McGrath and M.P. Mitchell, ''The Police Function in Canada''. Toronto: Methuen, 1981, 18–19. {{ISBN|0-458-93920-X}}</ref>

The [[Utilitarianism|Utilitarian]] philosopher, [[Jeremy Bentham]], promoted the views of [[Italy|Italian]] [[Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria|Marquis Cesare Beccaria]], and disseminated a translated version of "Essay on Crime in Punishment". Bentham espoused the guiding principle of "the greatest good for the greatest number":

<blockquote>It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them. This is the chief aim of every good system of legislation, which is the art of leading men to the greatest possible happiness or to the least possible misery, according to calculation of all the goods and evils of life.<ref name="Marin" /></blockquote>

[[Patrick Colquhoun]]'s influential work, ''A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis'' (1797) was heavily influenced by Benthamite thought. Colquhoun's [[Marine Police Force|Thames River Police]] was founded on these principles, and in contrast to the [[Bow Street Runners]], acted as a deterrent by their continual presence on the riverfront, in addition to being able to intervene if they spotted a crime in progress.<ref>Andrew T. Harris, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150907073749/https://ohiostatepress.org/Books/Book%20PDFs/Harris%20Policing.pdf Policing the City: Crime and Legal Authority in London, 1780–1840]'' PDF. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2004, 6. {{ISBN|0-8142-0966-1}}</ref>

[[Edwin Chadwick]]'s 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the ''London Review'',<ref>Marjie Bloy, "[http://www.victorianweb.org/history/chad1.html Edwin Chadwick (1800–1890)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511201942/http://www.victorianweb.org/history/chad1.html |date=11 May 2021 }}", The Victorian Web.</ref> argued that prevention ought to be the ''primary'' concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of temptation." In contrast to a deterrent of punishment, a preventive police force would deter criminality by making crime cost-ineffective – "crime doesn't pay". In the second draft of his 1829 Police Act, the "object" of the new Metropolitan Police, was changed by Robert Peel to the "principal object," which was the "prevention of crime."<ref>Quoted in H.S. Cooper, "The Evolution of Canadian Police." In eds., W.T. McGrath and M.P. Mitchell, ''The Police Function in Canada''. Toronto: Methuen, 1981, 39. {{ISBN|0-458-93920-X}}.</ref> Later historians would attribute the perception of England's "appearance of orderliness and love of public order" to the preventive principle entrenched in Peel's police system.<ref>Charles Reith, "Preventive Principle of Police", ''Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1931–1951),'' vol. 34, no. 3 (September–October 1943): 207.</ref>

Development of modern police forces around the world was contemporary to the formation of the state, later defined by sociologist [[Max Weber]] as achieving a "[[Monopoly on violence|monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force]]" and which was primarily exercised by the police and the [[military]]. [[Marxist]] theory situates the development of the modern state as part of the rise of capitalism, in which the police are one component of the [[bourgeoisie]]'s repressive apparatus for subjugating the [[working class]]. By contrast, the [[Peelian principles]] argue that "the power of the police ... is dependent on public approval of their existence, actions and behavior", a philosophy known as [[policing by consent]].