Editing Poland (section)

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Timeline of Polish science and technology|List of Polish Nobel laureates}}
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| image1            = Marie Curie c1920.jpg
| width1            = 130
| alt1              = Marie Curie
| caption1          = Physicist and chemist [[Marie Curie]] was the first person to win two [[Nobel Prizes]].<ref name="Mould 1993" />
| image2            = Nikolaus Kopernikus MOT.jpg
| width2            = 142
| alt2              = Nicolaus Copernicus
| caption2          = Astronomer [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] formulated the [[Heliocentrism|heliocentric]] model of the [[Solar System]].
}}

Over the course of history, the Polish people have made considerable contributions in the fields of science, technology and mathematics.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nodzyńska |first1=Małgorzata |url=http://uatacz.up.krakow.pl/~wwwchemia/pliki/ISBN_978_83_7271_768_9_From_alchemy_to_the_present_day |title=From alchemy to the present day – the choice of biographies of Polish scientists |last2=Cieśla |first2=Paweł |publisher=Pedagogical University of Kraków |year=2012 |isbn=978-83-7271-768-9 |location=Cracow |access-date=3 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201958/http://uatacz.up.krakow.pl/~wwwchemia/pliki/ISBN_978_83_7271_768_9_From_alchemy_to_the_present_day |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Perhaps the most renowned Pole to support this theory was [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] (''Mikołaj Kopernik''), who triggered the [[Copernican Revolution]] by placing the [[Heliocentrism|Sun rather than the Earth at the centre of the universe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2018 |title=Nicolaus Copernicus Biography: Facts & Discoveries |url=https://www.space.com/15684-nicolaus-copernicus.html |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=[[Space.com]] |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530193602/https://www.space.com/15684-nicolaus-copernicus.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also derived a [[quantity theory of money]], which made him a pioneer of economics. Copernicus' achievements and discoveries are considered the basis of Polish culture and cultural identity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolak |first=Arthur J. |title=Forced Out: The Fate of Polish Jewry in Communist Poland |date=12 March 2004 |publisher=Arthur Wolak |isbn=978-1-58736-291-0}}</ref> Poland was ranked 40th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/assets/67729/2000%20Global%20Innovation%20Index%202024_WEB2.pdf|title=Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship|access-date=2024-10-01|author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|year=2024|isbn=978-92-805-3681-2|doi= 10.34667/tind.50062|website=www.wipo.int|location=Geneva|page=18}}</ref>

Poland's tertiary education institutions; traditional [[List of universities in Poland|universities]], as well as technical, medical, and economic institutions, employ around tens of thousands of researchers and staff members. There are hundreds of research and development institutes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barcikowska |first=Renata |date=1 September 2016 |title=Research Institutes In Poland — Evaluation of Their Place and Role in Innovative Politics in Poland |url=https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/minib/21/3/article-p141.xml |journal=Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=141–154 |doi=10.14611/minib.21.09.2016.12 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |s2cid=199470591 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501152808/https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/minib/21/3/article-p141.xml |archive-date=1 May 2020 |via=content.sciendo.com}}</ref> However, in the 19th and 20th centuries many Polish scientists worked abroad; one of the most important of these exiles was [[Marie Curie]], a physicist and chemist who lived much of her life in France. In 1925, she established Poland's [[Curie Institute (Warsaw)|Radium Institute]].<ref name="Mould 1993" />

In the first half of the 20th century, Poland was a flourishing centre of mathematics. Outstanding Polish mathematicians formed the [[Lwów School of Mathematics]] (with [[Stefan Banach]], [[Stanisław Mazur]], [[Hugo Steinhaus]], [[Stanisław Ulam]]) and [[Warsaw School of Mathematics]] (with [[Alfred Tarski]], [[Kazimierz Kuratowski]], [[Wacław Sierpiński]] and [[Antoni Zygmund]]). Numerous mathematicians, scientists, chemists or economists emigrated due to historic vicissitudes, among them [[Benoit Mandelbrot]], [[Leonid Hurwicz]], [[Alfred Tarski]], [[Joseph Rotblat]] and Nobel Prize laureates [[Roald Hoffmann]], [[Georges Charpak]] and [[Tadeusz Reichstein]].