Editing Poetry (section)

===Ghazal===
{{Main|Ghazal}}
The {{transliteration|ar|italic=no|ghazal}} (also {{transliteration|ar|italic=no|ghazel}}, {{transliteration|ar|italic=no|gazel}}, {{transliteration|ar|italic=no|gazal}}, or {{transliteration|ar|italic=no|gozol}}) is a form of poetry common in [[Arabic poetry|Arabic]], [[Bengali poetry|Bengali]], [[Persian literature|Persian]] and [[Urdu poetry|Urdu]]. In classic form, the {{transliteration|ar|italic=no|ghazal}} has from five to fifteen rhyming couplets that share a [[refrain]] at the end of the second line. This refrain may be of one or several syllables and is preceded by a rhyme. Each line has an identical meter and is of the same length.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://poets.org/glossary/ghazal |title=Ghazal - glossary on poets.org |access-date=18 July 2023}}</ref> The ghazal often reflects on a theme of unattainable love or divinity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1 |page=260}}</ref>

As with other forms with a long history in many languages, many variations have been developed, including forms with a quasi-musical poetic diction in [[Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qureshi |first=Regula Burckhardt |date=Autumn 1990 |title=Musical Gesture and Extra-Musical Meaning: Words and Music in the Urdu Ghazal |journal=Journal of the American Musicological Society |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=457–497 |doi=10.1525/jams.1990.43.3.03a00040}}</ref> Ghazals have a classical affinity with [[Sufism]], and a number of major Sufi religious works are written in ghazal form. The relatively steady meter and the use of the refrain produce an incantatory effect, which complements Sufi mystical themes well.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sequeira |first=Isaac |date=1 June 1981 |title=The Mystique of the Mushaira |journal=The Journal of Popular Culture |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1111/j.0022-3840.1981.4745121.x}}</ref> Among the masters of the form are [[Rumi]], the celebrated 13th-century [[Persia]]n poet,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie | author-link=Annemarie Schimmel|date=Spring 1988 |title=Mystical Poetry in Islam: The Case of Maulana Jalaladdin Rumi |journal=Religion & Literature |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=67–80}}</ref> [[Attar of Nishapur|Attar]], 12th century Iranian Sufi mystic poet who Rumi considered his master,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attar, the Sufi Poet and Master of Rumi, by Sholeh Wolpé |url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/blog/cultural-cross-sections/attar-sufi-poet-and-master-rumi-sholeh-wolpe |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=World Literature Today |language=en}}</ref> and their equally famous near-contemporary [[Hafez]]. Hafez uses the ghazal to expose hypocrisy and the pitfalls of worldliness, but also expertly exploits the form to express the divine depths and secular subtleties of love; creating translations that meaningfully capture such complexities of content and form is immensely challenging, but lauded attempts to do so in English include [[Gertrude Bell]]'s ''Poems from the Divan of Hafiz''<ref>{{cite book |last=Hafez |author-link=Hafez |translator-first=Gertrude |translator-last=Bell |title=Poems from the Divan of Hafiz |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.507877 |place=London |date=1897 |ref=none}}</ref> and ''Beloved: 81 poems from Hafez'' ([[Bloodaxe Books]]) whose Preface addresses in detail the problematic nature of translating ghazals and whose versions (according to [[Fatemeh Keshavarz]], Roshan Institute for [[Persian Studies]]) preserve "that audacious and multilayered richness one finds in the originals".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloodaxebooks.com/ecs/product/beloved-1196 |title=Beloved: 81 poems from Hafez |date=2018 |publisher=Bloodaxe Books}}</ref> Indeed, Hafez's ghazals have been the subject of much analysis, commentary and interpretation, influencing post-fourteenth century Persian writing more than any other author.<ref>Yarshater. Retrieved 25 July 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.amaana.org/sultweb/msmhafiz.htm Hafiz and the Place of Iranian Culture in the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503140008/http://www.amaana.org/sultweb/msmhafiz.htm |date=3 May 2009 }} by [[Aga Khan III]], 9 November 1936 London.</ref> The [[West-östlicher Diwan]] of [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], a collection of lyrical poems, is inspired by the Persian poet Hafez.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shamel |first=Shafiq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwKfmAEACAAJ&q=goethe+hafiz |title=Goethe and Hafiz |year=2013 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-0343-0881-6 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=70235 |title=Goethe and Hafiz |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029210449/http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=70235 |archive-date=29 October 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lifeofthought.com/e69.htm |title=GOETHE |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905080250/http://www.lifeofthought.com/e69.htm |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>