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==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="hall2002">{{cite journal|last=Hall|first=B.K.|year=2002|title=Palaeontology and Evolutionary Developmental Biology: A Science of the Nineteenth and Twenty-First Centuries|journal=Palaeontology|volume=45|issue=4|pages=647β669|doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00253|bibcode=2002Palgy..45..647H }}</ref> <ref name="simpson1961">{{cite journal|last=Simpson|first=G.G.|author-link=George Gaylord Simpson|year=1961|title=Some Problems of Vertebrate Paleontology: The study of fossil vertebrates elucidates the general principles of evolutionary biology|journal=Science|volume=133|issue=3465|pages=1679β1689|doi=10.1126/science.133.3465.1679|pmid=17814746 }}</ref> <ref name="cowen2000">{{cite book|last=Cowen|first=R.|year=2000|chapter=Preface|pages=xi-xv|title=History of Life|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd.|isbn=9780632044443}}</ref> <ref name="laporte1988">{{cite journal|last=Laporte|first=L.F.|year=1988|title=What, After All, Is Paleontology?|journal=PALAIOS|volume=3|issue=5|page=453|doi=10.2307/3514718 |jstor=3514718 |bibcode=1988Palai...3..453L }}</ref> <ref name="jablonski2015">{{cite journal|last1=Jablonski|first1=D.|last2=Shubin|first2=N.H.|author-link2=Neil Shubin|year=2015|title=The future of the fossil record: Paleontology in the 21st century|journal=PNAS|volume=112|issue=16|pages=4852β4858|doi=10.1073/pnas.1505146112|doi-access=free |pmid=25901304 |pmc=4413349}}</ref> <ref name="oxford">{{cite book|year=2005|chapter=Palaeontology|title=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/palaeontology_n}}</ref> <ref name="rudwick1972a">{{cite book|last=Rudwick|first=M.J.S.|author-link=Martin J. S. Rudwick|year=1972|chapter=Fossil Objects|pages=1β48|title=The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Palaeontology|publisher=American Elsevier Publishing Inc.|isbn=0444-19576-9}}</ref> <ref name="rudwick1972b">{{cite book|last=Rudwick|first=M.J.S.|author-link=Martin J. S. Rudwick|year=1972|chapter=Natural Antiquities|pages=49β100|title=The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Palaeontology|publisher=American Elsevier Publishing Inc.|isbn=0444-19576-9}}</ref> <ref name="rudwick1972c">{{cite book|last=Rudwick|first=M.J.S.|author-link=Martin J. S. Rudwick|year=1972|chapter=Life's Revolutions|pages=101β163|title=The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Palaeontology|publisher=American Elsevier Publishing Inc.|isbn=0444-19576-9}}</ref> <ref name="rudwick1972-5">{{cite book|last=Rudwick|first=M.J.S.|author-link=Martin J. S. Rudwick|year=1972|chapter=Life's Ancestry|pages=218β272|title=The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Palaeontology|publisher=American Elsevier Publishing Inc.|isbn=0444-19576-9}}</ref> <ref name="benton2000">{{cite journal|last1=Benton|first1=M.J.|author-link=Michael Benton|last2=Wills|first2=M.A.|last3=Hitchin|first3=R.|year=2000|title=Quality of the fossil record through time|journal=Nature|volume=403|issue=6769 |pages=534β537|doi=10.1038/35000558|pmid=10676959 |bibcode=2000Natur.403..534B }}</ref> <ref name="cowen2000b">{{cite book|last=Cowen|first=R.|year=2000|chapter=Earth's Earliest Life|pages=21β36|title=History of Life|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd.|isbn=9780632044443}}</ref> <ref name="rudwick2008">{{cite book|last=Rudwick|first=M.J.S.|author-link=Martin J. S. Rudwick|year=2008|chapter=Introduction|pages=1β8|title=Worlds before Adam: the reconstruction of geohistory in the age of reform|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73128-5}}</ref> <ref name="rudwick2008-1">{{cite book|last=Rudwick|first=M.J.S.|author-link=Martin J. S. Rudwick|year=2008|chapter=Cuvierβs model for geohistory (1817β25)|pages=11β24|title=Worlds before Adam: the reconstruction of geohistory in the age of reform|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73128-5}}</ref> <ref name="rudwick2008-2">{{cite book|last=Rudwick|first=M.J.S.|author-link=Martin J. S. Rudwick|year=2008|chapter=Monsters from deep time (1819β24)|pages=25β34|title=Worlds before Adam: the reconstruction of geohistory in the age of reform|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73128-5}}</ref> <ref name="rudwick2008-4">{{cite book|last=Rudwick|first=M.J.S.|author-link=Martin J. S. Rudwick|year=2008|chapter=Outlines of life's history (1818β27)|pages=47β58|title=Worlds before Adam: the reconstruction of geohistory in the age of reform|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73128-5}}</ref> <ref name="rudwick2008-14">{{cite book|last=Rudwick|first=M.J.S.|author-link=Martin J. S. Rudwick|year=2008|chapter=The last mass extinction (1826β31) |pages=193β208|title=Worlds before Adam: the reconstruction of geohistory in the age of reform|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73128-5}}</ref> <ref name="gradstein2012a">{{cite book|last=Gradstein|first=F.M.|author-link=Felix M. Gradstein|year=2012|chapter=Introduction|pages=1β29|editor-last=Gradstein|editor-first=F.M.|editor2-last=Ogg|editor2-first=J.G.|editor3-last=Schmitz|editor3-first=M.D.|editor4-last=Ogg|editor4-first=G.M.|title=The Geologic Time Scale 2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-44-459434-1}}</ref> <ref name="gradstein2012b">{{cite book|last=Gradstein|first=F.M.|author-link=Felix M. Gradstein|year=2012|chapter=Biochronology|pages=43β61|editor-last=Gradstein|editor-first=F.M.|editor2-last=Ogg|editor2-first=J.G.|editor3-last=Schmitz|editor3-first=M.D.|editor4-last=Ogg|editor4-first=G.M.|title=The Geologic Time Scale 2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-44-459434-1}}</ref> <ref name="simpson1985">{{cite journal|last=Simpson|first=G.G.|author-link=George Gaylord Simpson|year=1985|title=Extinction|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume=129|issue=4|pages=407β416}}</ref> <ref name="purvis2000">{{cite journal|last1=Purvis|first1=A.|last2=Jones|first2=K.E.|last3=Mace|first3=G.M.|year=2000|title=Extinction|journal=BioEssays|volume=22|issue=12|pages=1123β1133|doi=10.1002/1521-1878(200012)22:12<1123::AID-BIES10>3.0.CO;2-C|pmid=11084628 }}</ref> <ref name="ruse2009">{{cite book|last=Ruse|first=M.|year=2009|chapter=The History of Evolutionary Thought|pages=1β48|editor-last=Ruse|editor-first=M.|editor2-last=Travis|editor2-first=J.|title=Evolution, The First Four Billion Years|publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03175-3}}</ref> <ref name="benton2009">{{cite book|last=Benton|first=M.J.|author-link=Michael Benton|year=2009|chapter=Paleontology and the History of Life|pages=80β104|editor-last=Ruse|editor-first=M.|editor2-last=Travis|editor2-first=J.|title=Evolution, The First Four Billion Years|publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03175-3}}</ref> <ref name="needham1986">{{cite book|last=Needham|first=J.|author-link=Joseph Needham|year=1986|title=Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth|publisher=Caves Books Ltd.|page=614|isbn=0-253-34547-2}}</ref> <ref name="baucon2011">{{cite journal|last=Baucon|first=A.|year=2011|title=Leonardo da Vinci, the Founding Father of Ichnology|journal=PALAIOS|volume=25|issue=5/6|pages=361β367|doi=10.2110/palo.2009.p09-049r}}</ref> <ref name="kelley2013">{{cite book|last1=Kelley|first1=P.H.|last2=Fastovsky|first2=D.E.|last3=Wilson|first3=M.A.|last4=Laws|first4=R.A.|last5=Raymond|first5=A.|year=2013|chapter=From paleontology to paleobiology: A half-century of progress in understanding life history|pages=191β232|doi=10.1130/2013.2500(06)|editor-last=Bickford|editor-first=M.E.|title=The Web of Geological Sciences: Advances, Impacts, and Interactions|publisher=Geological Society of America|isbn=9780813725000}}</ref> <ref name="narbonne2012">{{cite book|last1=Narbonne|first1=G.M.|last2=Xiao|first2=S.|last3=Shields|first3=G.A.|year=2012|chapter=The Ediacaran Period|pages=413β435|editor-last=Gradstein|editor-first=F.M.|editor2-last=Ogg|editor2-first=J.G.|editor3-last=Schmitz|editor3-first=M.D.|editor4-last=Ogg|editor4-first=G.M.|title=The Geologic Time Scale 2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-44-459434-1}}</ref> <ref name="cooper2012">{{cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=R.A.|last2=Sadler|first2=P.M.|year=2012|chapter=The Ordovician Period|pages=489β523|editor-last=Gradstein|editor-first=F.M.|editor2-last=Ogg|editor2-first=J.G.|editor3-last=Schmitz|editor3-first=M.D.|editor4-last=Ogg|editor4-first=G.M.|title=The Geologic Time Scale 2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-44-459434-1}}</ref> <ref name="davydov2012">{{cite book|last1=Davydov|first1=V.I.|last2=Korn|first2=D.|last3=Schmitz|first3=M.D.|year=2012|chapter=The Carboniferous Period|pages=603β651|editor-last=Gradstein|editor-first=F.M.|editor2-last=Ogg|editor2-first=J.G.|editor3-last=Schmitz|editor3-first=M.D.|editor4-last=Ogg|editor4-first=G.M.|title=The Geologic Time Scale 2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-44-459434-1}}</ref> <ref name="ogg2012">{{cite book|last1=Ogg|first1=J.G.|last2=Hinnov|first2=L.A.|year=2012|chapter=Jurassic|pages=731β791|editor-last=Gradstein|editor-first=F.M.|editor2-last=Ogg|editor2-first=J.G.|editor3-last=Schmitz|editor3-first=M.D.|editor4-last=Ogg|editor4-first=G.M.|title=The Geologic Time Scale 2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-44-459434-1}}</ref> <ref name="benton2020-1">{{cite book|last1=Benton|first1=M.J.|author-link=Michael Benton|last2=Harper|first2=D.A.T.|author-link2=David Harper (paleontologist)|year=2020|chapter=Paleontology as a science|pages=1β24|title=Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record|volume=2nd|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|isbn=9781119272854}}</ref> <ref name="benton2020-4">{{cite book|last1=Benton|first1=M.J.|author-link=Michael Benton|last2=Harper|first2=D.A.T.|author-link2=David Harper (paleontologist)|year=2020|chapter=Paleoecology|pages=80β114|title=Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record|volume=2nd|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|isbn=9781119272854}}</ref> <ref name="benton2020-5">{{cite book|last1=Benton|first1=M.J.|author-link=Michael Benton|last2=Harper|first2=D.A.T.|author-link2=David Harper (paleontologist)|year=2020|chapter=Taphonomy and the quality of the fossil record|pages=115β139|title=Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record|volume=2nd|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|isbn=9781119272854}}</ref> <ref name="benton2020-20">{{cite book|last1=Benton|first1=M.J.|author-link=Michael Benton|last2=Harper|first2=D.A.T.|author-link2=David Harper (paleontologist)|year=2020|chapter=Trace fossils|pages=570β593|title=Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record|volume=2nd|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|isbn=9781119272854}}</ref> <ref name="tattersall2000">{{cite journal|last=Tattersall|first=I.|author-link=Ian Tattersall|year=2000|title=Paleoanthropology: The last half-century|journal=Evolutionary Anthropology|volume=9|issue=1|pages=1β16|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(2000)9:1<2::AID-EVAN2>3.0.CO;2-2}}</ref> <ref name="lieberman2000">{{cite book|last=Lieberman|first=B.S.|year=2000|chapter=What is Paleobiogeography?|pages=1β3|title=Paleobiogeography|series=Topics in Geobiology |volume=16 |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-306-46277-1|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-4161-5}}</ref> <ref name="varricchio2007">{{cite journal|last1=Varricchio|first1=D.J.|last2=Martin|first2=A.J.|author-link2=Anthony J. Martin|last3=Katsura|first3=Y.|year=2007|title=First trace and body fossil evidence of a burrowing, denning dinosaur|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|volume=274|issue=1616 |pages=1361β1368|doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.0443|pmid=17374596 |pmc=2176205}}</ref> <ref name="lucas2024">{{cite book|last1=Lucas|first1=S.G.|author-link=Spencer G. Lucas|last2=Hunt|first2=A.P.|last3=Klein|first3=H.|year=2024|chapter=Vertebrate ichnology: Introduction and summary|pages=ix-xxxvii|title=Vertebrate Ichnology, Tetrapod Tracks and Trackways|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-443-13837-9}}</ref> <ref name="ross1999">{{cite journal|last=Ross|first=G.M.|year=1999|title=Paleogeography: an earth systems perspective|journal=Chemical Geology|volume=161|issue=1β3|pages=5β16|doi=10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00078-9|bibcode=1999ChGeo.161....5R }}</ref> <ref name="ricqles2021">{{cite book|last=de RicqlΓ¨s|first=A.J.|year=2021|chapter=Paleohistology: An Historical β Bibliographical Introduction|pages=3β26|editor-last=de BuffrΓ©nil|editor-first=V.|editor2-last=de RicqlΓ¨s|editor2-first=A.J.|editor3-last=Zylberberg|editor3-first=L.|editor4-last=Padian|editor4-first=K.|title=Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781351189590|doi=10.1201/9781351189590}}</ref> <ref name="taylor2010">{{cite journal|last1=Taylor|first1=T.N.|last2=Krings|first2=M.|year=2010|title=Paleomycology: The rediscovery of the obvious|journal=PALAIOS|volume=25|issue=5|pages=283β286|doi=10.2110/palo.2010.S03|bibcode=2010Palai..25..283T }}</ref> <ref name="grauer2017">{{cite journal|last=Grauer|first=A.L.|year=2017|title=A century of paleopathology|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=165|issue=4 |pages=904β914|doi=10.1002/ajpa.23366|pmid=29574849 }}</ref> <ref name="buikstra2010">{{cite book|last=Buikstra|first=J.E.|year=2010|chapter=Paleopathology: A Contemporary Perspective|pages=395β411|editor-last=Larsen|editor-first=C.S.|title=A Companion to Biological Anthropology|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-8900-2}}</ref> <ref name="rothschild2001">{{cite book|last1=Rothschild|first1=B.|last2=Tanke|first2=D.H.|last3=Ford|first3=T.L.|year=2001|chapter=Theropod stress fractures and tendon avulsions as a clue to activity|pages=331β336|editor-last=Tanke|editor-first=D.H.|editor-last2=Carpenter|editor-first2=K.|title=Mesozoic Vertebrate Life|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-33907-3}}</ref> <ref name="overpeck1995">{{cite journal|last=Overpeck|first=J.T.|year=1995|title=Paleoclimatology and climate system dynamics|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=33|issue=S2|pages=1005β1003|doi=10.1029/95RG01035|bibcode=1995RvGeo..33S.863O }}</ref> <ref name="parrish2013">{{cite book|last=Parrish|first=J.T.|year=2013|chapter=A new way of thinking: Revolutions in paleoclimatology in the last 50 years|pages=533β548|doi=10.1130/2013.2500(06)|editor-last=Bickford|editor-first=M.E.|title=The Web of Geological Sciences: Advances, Impacts, and Interactions|publisher=Geological Society of America|isbn=9780813725000}}</ref> <ref name="vermeij2015">{{cite journal|last=Vermeij|first=G.J.|year=2015|title=Paleophysiology: From Fossils to the Future|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|volume=30|issue=10|pages=601β608|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2015.07.003|bibcode=2015TEcoE..30..601V |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1x3121tw }}</ref> <ref name="sepkoski2009">{{cite book|last=Sepkoski|first=D.|year=2009|chapter=The Emergence of Paleobiology|pages=15β42|editor-last=Sepkoski|editor-first=D.|editor2-last=Ruse|editor2-first=M.|title=The Paleobiological Revolution: essays on the growth of modern paleontology|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-74861-0}}</ref> <ref name="valentine2009">{{cite book|last=Valentine|first=J.W.|year=2009|chapter=The Infusion of Biology into Paleontological Research|pages=385β397|editor-last=Sepkoski|editor-first=D.|editor2-last=Ruse|editor2-first=M.|title=The Paleobiological Revolution: essays on the growth of modern paleontology|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-74861-0}}</ref> <ref name="weishampel2012">{{cite journal|last1=Weishampel|first1=D.B.|author-link1=David B. Weishampel|last2=Kerscher|first2=O.|year=2012|title=Franz Baron Nopcsa|journal=Historical Biology|volume=25|issue=4|pages=391β544|doi=10.1080/08912963.2012.689745}}</ref> <ref name="manias2025">{{cite book|last=Manias|first=C.|year=2025|chapter=Introduction|pages=1β24|editor-last=Manias|editor-first=C.|title=Paleontology in Public: Popular science, lost creatures and deep time|publisher=UCL Press|isbn=978-1-80008-584-8|doi=10.14324/111.9781800085824}}</ref> <ref name="taylor2009">{{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=T.N.|last2=Taylor|first2=E.L.|last3=Krings|first3=M.|year=2009|chapter=Introduction to Paleobotany, How Fossil Plants are Formed|pages=1β42|title=Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-373972-8}}</ref> <ref name="morgan1980">{{cite journal|last1=Morgan|first1=A.V.|last2=Morgan|first2=A.|year=1980|title=Beetle Bits β The Science of Paleoentomology|journal=Geoscience Canada|volume=7|issue=1|pages=22β29}}</ref> <ref name="steyer2021">{{cite journal|last1=Steyer|first1=J.-S.|last2=AugΓ©|first2=M.|last3=MΓ©tais|first3=G.|year=2021|title=Jean-Claude Rage, a life dedicated to paleoherpetology|journal=Geodiversitas|volume=43|issue=27|pages=1401β1409|doi=10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a27}}</ref> <ref name="chaves2014">{{cite book|last=Chaves|first=S.A.d.M.|year=2014|chapter=Pollen Grains, Landscapes, and Paleoenvironments|pages=205β222|editor-last=Ferreira|editor-first=L.F.|editor2-last=Reinhard|editor2-first=K.J.|editor3-last=AraΓΊjo|editor3-first=A.|title=Foundations of Paleoparasitology|publisher=SciELO Books|isbn=978-85-7541-598-6|doi=10.7476/9788575415986}}</ref> <ref name="polly2005">{{cite journal|last1=Polly|first1=P.D.|last2=Lillegraven|first2=J.A.|last3=Luo|first3=Z.-X.|year=2005|title=Introduction: Paleomammalogy In Honor of Professor Emeritus William Alvin Clemens, Jr.|journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution|volume=12|issue=1/2|pages=3β8|doi=10.1007/s10914-005-6942-5}}</ref> <ref name="barden2023">{{cite journal|last=Barden|first=P.|year=2023|title=Where the Hell Ants Came From Get access Arrow|journal=American Entomologist|volume=69|issue=3|pages=36β37|doi=10.1093/ae/tmad045}}</ref> <ref name="wood2015">{{cite journal|last1=Wood|first1=J.R.|last2=De Pietri|first2=V.L.|year=2015|title=Next-generation paleornithology: Technological and methodological advances allow new insights into the evolutionary and ecological histories of living birds|journal=The Auk|volume=132|issue=2|pages=486β506|doi=10.1642/AUK-14-257.1}}</ref> <ref name="nitecki1985">{{cite book|last1=Nitecki|first1=M.H.|last2=Toomey|first2=D.F.|year=1985|chapter=Paleoalgology|pages=9β19|editor-last=Toomey|editor-first=D.F.|editor2-last=Nitecki|editor2-first=M.H.|title=Paleoalgology: Contemporary Research and Applications|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-642-70357-7}}</ref> <ref name="simons1972">{{cite book|last1=Simons|first1=E.L.|last2=Pilbeam|first2=D.R.|year=1972|chapter=Homimoid Paleoprimatology|pages=34β61|editor-last=Tuttle|editor-first=R.|title=The Functional and Evolutionary Biology of Primates|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781315132129|doi=10.4324/9781315132129}}</ref> <ref name="simpson1943">{{cite journal|last=Simpson|first=G.G.|author-link=George Gaylord Simpson|year=1943|title=Criteria for genera, species, and subspecies in zoology and paleozoology|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=44|issue=2|pages=145β178|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1943.tb31301.x|bibcode=1943NYASA..44..145S }}</ref> }}
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