Editing Organ transplantation (section)

=== Forced donation ===
{{See also|Persecution of Falun Gong#Organ harvesting}}
There have been concerns that certain authorities are harvesting organs from people deemed undesirable, such as prison populations. The World Medical Association stated that prisoners and other individuals in custody are not in a position to give consent freely, and therefore their organs must not be used for transplantation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/30council/cr_5/index.html |publisher=World Medical Association |title=WMA Council Resolution on Organ Donation in China |date=May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204232011/http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/30council/cr_5/index.html |archive-date=4 December 2010}}</ref>

According to former Chinese Deputy Minister of Health, Huang Jiefu, the practice of transplanting organs from executed prisoners is still occurring {{As of|2017|February|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kirchgaessner|first=Stephanie|date=8 February 2017|title=China may still be using executed prisoners' organs, official admits|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/07/china-still-using-executed-prisoners-organs-transplants-vatican|access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |script-title=zh:世界日報──大陸新聞 |trans-title=World Journal – mainland news |url=http://www.worldjournal.com/wj-ch-news.php?nt_seq_id=1275791 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009130822/http://www.worldjournal.com/wj-ch-news.php?nt_seq_id=1275791 |archive-date=9 October 2007 |language=zh}}</ref> World Journal reported Huang had admitted approximately 95% of all organs used for transplantation are from executed prisoners.<ref name=":0" /> The lack of a public organ donation program in China is used as a justification for this practice. In July 2006, the [[Kilgour-Matas report]]<ref name="orgharv">[[David Kilgour]], [[David Matas]] (6 July 2006, revised 31 January 2007) [http://organharvestinvestigation.net An Independent Investigation into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004182359/http://organharvestinvestigation.net/ |date=4 October 2016 }} (free in 22 languages) organharvestinvestigation.net</ref> stated, "the source of 41,500 transplants for the six-year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained" and "we believe that there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling [[Falun Gong]] practitioners".<ref name="orgharv" /> Investigative journalist [[Ethan Gutmann]] estimates 65,000 Falun Gong practitioners were killed for their organs from 2000 to 2008.<ref name="Jay">[[Jay Nordlinger]] (25 August 2014) [http://www.nationalreview.com/sites/default/files/nordlinger_gutmann08-25-14.html "Face The Slaughter: The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem, by Ethan Gutmann"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223172904/http://www.nationalreview.com/sites/default/files/nordlinger_gutmann08-25-14.html |date=23 February 2016 }}, National Review</ref><ref name="Slaughter">Ethan Gutmann (August 2014) [https://www.amazon.com/The-Slaughter-Killings-Harvesting-Dissident/dp/161614940X The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302164440/http://www.amazon.com/The-Slaughter-Killings-Harvesting-Dissident/dp/161614940X |date=2 March 2016 }} "Average number of Falun Gong in Laogai System at any given time" Low estimate 450,000, High estimate 1,000,000 p. 320. "Best estimate of Falun Gong harvested 2000 to 2008" 65,000 p. 322.</ref> However 2016 reports updated the death toll of the 15-year period since the persecution of Falun Gong began putting the death toll at 150,000<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kilgour|first1=David|title=Blood Harvest: The Slaughter|journal=End Organ Pillaging|page=428|url=http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf}}</ref> to 1.5 million.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Samuels|first1=Gabriel|title=China kills millions of innocent meditators for their organs, report finds|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-kills-millions-of-innocent-meditators-for-their-organs-report-finds-a7107091.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-kills-millions-of-innocent-meditators-for-their-organs-report-finds-a7107091.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=The Independent|date=2016-06-29}}</ref> In December 2006, after not getting assurances from the Chinese government about allegations relating to Chinese prisoners, the two major organ transplant hospitals in Queensland, Australia stopped transplantation training for Chinese surgeons and banned joint research programs into organ transplantation with China.<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Hospitals-ban-Chinese-surgeon-training/2006/12/05/1165080933418.html Hospitals ban Chinese surgeon training] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025090747/http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Hospitals-ban-Chinese-surgeon-training/2006/12/05/1165080933418.html |date=25 October 2016 }} The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 December 2006</ref>

In May 2008, two United Nations Special Rapporteurs reiterated their requests for "the Chinese government to fully explain the allegation of taking vital organs from Falun Gong practitioners and the source of organs for the sudden increase in organ transplants that has been going on in China since the year 2000".<ref name="MW">Market Wired (8 May 2008) [http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/chinas-organ-harvesting-questioned-again-by-un-special-rapporteurs-falunhr-reports-853799.htm China's Organ Harvesting Questioned Again by UN Special Rapporteurs: FalunHR Reports] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025084003/http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/chinas-organ-harvesting-questioned-again-by-un-special-rapporteurs-falunhr-reports-853799.htm |date=25 October 2016 }} Retrieved 26 October 2014</ref> People in other parts of the world are responding to this availability of organs, and a number of individuals (including US and Japanese citizens) have elected to travel to China or India as [[medical tourism|medical tourists]] to receive organ transplants which may have been sourced in what might be considered elsewhere to be unethical manner.<ref>{{cite news |author=Anuj Chopra, Chronicle Foreign Service |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/02/09/MN23UPQ0K.DTL |title=Organ-transplant black market thrives in India |newspaper=SFGate |date=9 February 2008 |access-date=17 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/04/17/MNGHAIA5B51.DTL |title=Patients seeking transplants turn to China / Rights activists fear organs are taken from executed prisoners |newspaper=SFGate |author=Vanessa Hua |date=17 April 2006 |access-date=25 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Coonan |first=Clifford |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/japans-rich-buy-organs-from-executed-chinese-prisoners-470719.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719102429/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/japans-rich-buy-organs-from-executed-chinese-prisoners-470719.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 July 2008 |title=Japan's rich buy organs from executed Chinese prisoners  |newspaper=The Independent |date=21 March 2006 |access-date=17 April 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref name="n10">{{cite journal |last1=Cyranoski |first1=David |last2=Gaind |first2=Nisha |last3=Gibney |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Masood |first4=Ehsan |last5=Maxmen |first5=Amy |last6=Reardon |first6=Sara |last7=Schiermeier |first7=Quirin |last8=Tollefson |first8=Jeff |last9=Witze |first9=Alexandra |title=Nature's 10: Ten people who mattered in science in 2019 |journal=Nature |date=19 December 2019 |volume=576 |issue=7787 |pages=361–372 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-03749-0 |pmid=31848484 }}</ref><ref name="RogersRobertson2019">{{cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=Wendy |last2=Robertson |first2=Matthew P |last3=Ballantyne |first3=Angela |last4=Blakely |first4=Brette |last5=Catsanos |first5=Ruby |last6=Clay-Williams |first6=Robyn |last7=Fiatarone Singh |first7=Maria |title=Compliance with ethical standards in the reporting of donor sources and ethics review in peer-reviewed publications involving organ transplantation in China: a scoping review |journal=BMJ Open |date=February 2019 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=e024473 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024473 |pmid=30723071 |pmc=6377532 }}</ref>