Editing Neville Chamberlain (section)

== Lord President of the Council ==
In a departure from usual practice, Chamberlain did not issue any [[Prime Minister's Resignation Honours|resignation Honours list]].{{sfn|Feiling|1970|p=443}} With Chamberlain remaining leader of the Conservative Party, and with many MPs still supporting him and distrusting the new prime minister, Churchill refrained from any purge of Chamberlain loyalists.{{sfn|Self|2006|pp=431–32}} Churchill wished Chamberlain to return to the Exchequer, but he declined, convinced that this would lead to difficulties with the Labour Party. Instead, he accepted the post of Lord President of the Council with a seat in the shrunken five-member War Cabinet.{{sfn|Self|2006|p=432}} When Chamberlain entered the House of Commons on 13 May 1940, for the first time since his resignation, "MPs lost their heads, they shouted, they cheered, they waved their order papers, and his reception was a regular ovation."{{sfn|Self|2006|p=432}} The House received Churchill coolly;{{sfn|Self|2006|p=432}} some of his great speeches to the chamber, such as "[[We shall fight on the beaches]]," met with only half-hearted enthusiasm.{{sfn|Self|2006|p=433}}

Chamberlain's fall from power left him deeply depressed; he wrote, "Few men can have known such a reversal of fortune in so short a time."{{sfn|Smart|2010|p=279}} He especially regretted the loss of [[Chequers]] as "a place where I have been so happy," though after a farewell visit there by the Chamberlains on 19 June, he wrote, "I am content now that I have done that, and shall put Chequers out of my mind."{{sfn|Self|2006|p=435}} As lord president, Chamberlain assumed vast responsibilities over domestic issues and chaired the War Cabinet during Churchill's many absences.{{sfn|Self|2006|p=435}} Attlee later remembered him as "free from any of the rancour he might have felt against us. He worked very hard and well: a good chairman, a good committeeman, always very businesslike."{{sfn|Macklin|2006|p=90}} As chairman of the [[Lord President's Committee]], he exerted great influence over the wartime economy.{{sfn|Self|2006|p=436}} Halifax reported to the War Cabinet on 26 May 1940, with the Low Countries conquered and French prime minister [[Paul Reynaud]] warning that France might have to sign an armistice, that diplomatic contacts with a still-neutral Italy offered the possibility of a negotiated peace. Halifax urged following up and seeing if a worthwhile offer could be obtained. The [[1940 British war cabinet crisis|battle over the course of action within the war cabinet]] lasted three days; Chamberlain's statement on the final day, that there was unlikely to be an acceptable offer and that the matter should not be pursued at that time, helped persuade the War Cabinet to reject negotiations.{{sfn|Self|2006|pp=435–36}}

[[File:David Lloyd George.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=David Lloyd George|[[David Lloyd George]], prime minister 1916–22, whose contempt for Chamberlain was reciprocated.]]

Twice in May 1940, Churchill broached the subject of bringing Lloyd George into the government. Each time, Chamberlain indicated that due to their longtime antipathy he would immediately retire if Lloyd George were appointed a minister. Churchill did not appoint Lloyd George, but brought up the subject with Chamberlain again early in June. This time, Chamberlain agreed to Lloyd George's appointment provided Lloyd George gave a personal assurance to put aside the feud. Lloyd George declined to serve in Churchill's government.{{sfn|Self|2006|pp=440–42}}

Chamberlain worked to bring his Conservative Party in line behind Churchill, working with the [[Chief Whip]], [[David Margesson]], to overcome members' suspicions and dislikes of the Prime Minister. On 4 July, after the [[Attack on Mers-el-Kébir|British attack on the French fleet]], Churchill entered the chamber to a great cheer from Conservative MPs orchestrated by the two, and the Prime Minister was almost overcome with emotion at the first cheer he had received from his own party's benches since May.{{sfn|Self|2006|p=433}} Churchill returned the loyalty, refusing to consider Labour and Liberal attempts to expel Chamberlain from the government.{{sfn|Self|2006|p=436}} When criticisms of Chamberlain appeared in the press, and when Chamberlain learned that Labour intended to use an upcoming secret session of Parliament as a platform to attack him, he told Churchill that he could only defend himself by attacking Labour. The Prime Minister intervened with the Labour Party and the press and the criticism ceased, according to Chamberlain, "like turning off a tap".{{sfn|Self|2006|pp=439–41}}

In July 1940, a polemic titled ''[[Guilty Men]]'' was released by "Cato"—a pseudonym for three journalists (future Labour leader [[Michael Foot]], former Liberal MP [[Frank Owen (politician)|Frank Owen]], and the Conservative [[Peter Howard (journalist)|Peter Howard]]). It attacked the record of the National Government, alleging that it had failed to prepare adequately for war. It called for the removal of Chamberlain and other ministers who had allegedly contributed to the British disasters of the early part of the war. The short book sold more than 200,000 copies, many of which were passed from hand-to-hand, and went into 27 editions in the first few months, despite not being carried by several major bookshops.{{sfn|Dutton|2001|p=74}} According to historian David Dutton, "its impact upon Chamberlain's reputation, both among the general public and within the academic world, was profound indeed."{{sfn|Dutton|2001|pp=71–72}}

Chamberlain had long enjoyed excellent health, except for occasional attacks of gout,{{sfn|Dutton|2001|p=18}} but by July 1940 he was in almost constant pain. He sought treatment, and later that month entered hospital for surgery. Surgeons discovered that he was suffering from terminal [[bowel cancer]], but they concealed it from him, instead telling him that he would not require further surgery.{{sfn|Self|2006|pp=442–43}} Chamberlain resumed work in mid-August. He returned to his office on 9 September, but renewed pain, compounded by the night-time bombing of London which forced him to go to an air raid shelter and denied him rest, sapped his energy, and he left London for the last time on 19 September, returning to [[Highfield Park, Heckfield|Highfield Park]] in [[Heckfield]].{{sfn|Self|2006|pp=443–44}} Chamberlain offered his resignation to Churchill on 22 September 1940. The Prime Minister was initially reluctant to accept, but as both men realised that Chamberlain would never return to work, Churchill finally allowed him to resign. The Prime Minister asked if Chamberlain would accept the highest order of British chivalry, the [[Order of the Garter]], of which his brother had been a member. Chamberlain refused, saying he would "prefer to die plain 'Mr Chamberlain' like my father before me, unadorned by any title."{{sfn|Self|2006|p=445}}

In the short time remaining to him, Chamberlain was angered by the "short, cold and for the most part depreciatory"<!-- That's how he spells it Comment: According to [[MOS:QUOTE]] it doesn't matter how he spells it, but "depreciatory" is correct anyway. --> press comments on his retirement, according to him written "without the slightest sign of sympathy for the man or even any comprehension that there may be a human tragedy in the background."{{sfn|Self|2006|p=445}} The King and Queen drove down from [[Windsor Castle|Windsor]] to visit the dying man on 14 October.{{sfn|Self|2006|p=446}} Chamberlain received hundreds of sympathetic letters from friends and supporters. He wrote to [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|John Simon]], who had served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in Chamberlain's government:

{{blockquote| <nowiki>[I]</nowiki>t was the hope of doing something to improve the conditions of life for the poorer people that brought me at past middle life into politics, and it is some satisfaction to me that I was able to carry out some part of my ambition even though its permanency may be challenged by the destruction of war. For the rest I regret nothing that I have done & I can see nothing undone that I ought to have done. I am therefore content to accept the fate that has so suddenly overtaken me.{{sfn|Self|2006|p=446}}}}