Editing Neurotransmitter (section)

==Neurotransmitter imbalance==
Generally, there are no scientifically established "norms" for appropriate levels or "balances" of different neurotransmitters. In most cases, it is practically impossible to measure neurotransmitter levels in the brain or body at any given moment. Neurotransmitters regulate each other's release, and weak consistent imbalances in this mutual regulation were linked to temperament in healthy people.<ref>Netter, P. (1991) Biochemical variables in the study of temperament. In Strelau, J. & Angleitner, A. (Eds.), Explorations in temperament: International perspectives on theory and measurement 147–161. New York: Plenum Press.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Trofimova I, Robbins TW | title = Temperament and arousal systems: A new synthesis of differential psychology and functional neurochemistry | journal = Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | volume = 64 | pages = 382–402 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 26969100 | doi = 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.008 | hdl = 11375/26202 | s2cid = 13937324 | url = https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/274784 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR. A psychobiological model of temperament and character" ''Arch Gen Psychiatry'' 1993; 50:975-990.</ref><ref>{{cite book |year=2016| vauthors = Trofimova IN | chapter = The interlocking between functional aspects of activities and a neurochemical model of adult temperament. | veditors = Arnold MC | title = Temperaments: Individual Differences, Social and Environmental Influences and Impact on Quality of Life. | location = New York | publisher = Nova Science Publishers, Inc. |pages=77–147}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Depue RA, Morrone-Strupinsky JV | title = A neurobehavioral model of affiliative bonding: implications for conceptualizing a human trait of affiliation | journal = The Behavioral and Brain Sciences | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 313–50; discussion 350–95 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 16209725 | doi = 10.1017/s0140525x05000063 }}</ref> However, significant imbalances or disruptions in neurotransmitter systems are associated with various diseases and mental disorders, including Parkinson's disease, depression, insomnia, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), anxiety, memory loss, dramatic weight changes, and addictions. Some of these conditions are also related to neurotransmitter switching, a phenomenon where neurons change the type of neurotransmitters they release.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spitzer |first=Nicholas C. |date=2017-07-25 |title=Neurotransmitter Switching in the Developing and Adult Brain |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031204 |journal=Annual Review of Neuroscience |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031204 |pmid=28301776 |issn=0147-006X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dolan |first=Eric W. |date=2024-11-13 |title=Neurotransmitter switching in early development predicts autism-related behaviors |url=https://www.psypost.org/neurotransmitter-switching-in-early-development-predicts-autism-related-behaviors/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=PsyPost - Psychology News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pratelli |first1=Marta |last2=Hakimi |first2=Anna M. |last3=Thaker |first3=Arth |last4=Jang |first4=Hyeonseok |last5=Li |first5=Hui-quan |last6=Godavarthi |first6=Swetha K. |last7=Lim |first7=Byung Kook |last8=Spitzer |first8=Nicholas C. |date=2024-09-26 |title=Drug-induced change in transmitter identity is a shared mechanism generating cognitive deficits |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=8260 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-52451-x |pmid=39327428 |issn=2041-1723|pmc=11427679 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.8260P }}</ref> Chronic physical or emotional stress can be a contributor to neurotransmitter system changes. Genetics also plays a role in neurotransmitter activities.

Apart from recreational use, medications that directly and indirectly interact with one or more transmitter or its receptor are commonly prescribed for psychiatric and psychological issues. Notably, drugs interacting with [[serotonin]] and [[norepinephrine]] are prescribed to patients with problems such as depression and anxiety—though the notion that there is much solid medical evidence to support such interventions has been widely criticized.<ref>Leo, J., & Lacasse, J. (10 October 2007). The Media and the Chemical Imbalance Theory of Depression. Retrieved 1 December 2014, from http://psychrights.org/articles/TheMediaandChemicalImbalanceTheoryofDepression.pdf</ref> Studies shown that dopamine imbalance has an influence on multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders.<ref name="Dopamine Imbalance">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dobryakova E, Genova HM, DeLuca J, Wylie GR | title = The dopamine imbalance hypothesis of fatigue in multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders | journal = Frontiers in Neurology | volume = 6 | pages = 52 | date = 12 March 2015 | pmid = 25814977 | pmc = 4357260 | doi = 10.3389/fneur.2015.00052 | doi-access = free }}</ref>