Editing Neo-Nazism (section)

==== France ====
{{Main|History of far-right movements in France}}
[[File:Celtic-style crossed circle.svg|thumb|upright|French neo-fascist groups adopted the [[Celtic cross]] as an ambiguous "Christian and pagan" symbol in the 1940s.|left]]
In France, the most enthusiastic collaborationists during the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation of France]] had been the [[National Popular Rally]] of [[Marcel Déat]] (former [[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]] members) and the [[French Popular Party]] of [[Jacques Doriot]] (former [[French Communist Party]] members). These two groups, like the Germans, saw themselves as combining ultra-nationalism and [[socialism]]. In the south there existed the vassal state of [[Vichy France]] under the military "Hero of the Verdun", Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]] whose {{lang|fr|[[Révolution nationale]]}} emphasised an authoritarian Catholic conservative politics. Following the [[liberation of France]] and the creation of the [[Fourth French Republic]], collaborators were prosecuted during the {{lang|fr|[[épuration légale]]}} and nearly 800 put to death for treason under [[Charles de Gaulle]].

In the aftermath of the Second World War, the main concern of the French radical right was the collapse of the [[French colonial empire|French Empire]], in particular the [[Algerian War]], which led to the creation of the [[Organisation armée secrète|OAS]]. Outside of this, individual fascistic activists such as [[Maurice Bardèche]] (brother-in-law of [[Robert Brasillach]]), as well as SS-veterans [[Marc Augier|Saint-Loup]] and [[René Binet (neo-Fascist)|René Binet]], were active in France and involved in the [[European Social Movement]] and later the [[New European Order]], alongside similar groups from across Europe. Early neo-fascist groups included [[Jeune Nation]], which introduced the [[Celtic cross]] into use by radical right groups (an association which would spread internationally). A "neither East, nor West" pan-Europeanism was most popular among French fascistic activists until the late 1960s, partly motivated by feelings of national vulnerability following the collapse of their empire; thus the Belgian SS-veteran [[Jean-François Thiriart]]'s group [[Jeune Europe]] also had a considerable French contingent.

It was the 1960s, during the [[Fifth French Republic]], that a considerable upturn in French neo-fascism occurred; some of it in response to the [[Protests of 1968]]. The most explicitly pro-Nazi of these was the [[Fédération d'action nationale et européenne|FANE]] of [[Mark Fredriksen]]. Neo-fascist groups included [[Pierre Sidos]]' [[Occident (movement)|Occident]], the [[Ordre Nouveau (1960s)|Ordre Nouveau]] (which was banned after violent clashes with the Trotskyist [[Revolutionary Communist League (France)|LCR]]) and the student-based [[Groupe Union Défense]]. A number of these activists such as [[François Duprat]] were instrumental in founding the [[National Front (France)|Front National]] under [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]]; but the FN also included a broader selection from the French hard-right, including not only these neo-fascist elements, but also [[Integrism|Catholic integrists]], monarchists, Algerian War veterans, [[Poujadists]] and national-conservatives. Others from these neo-fascist micro-groups formed the [[Parti des forces nouvelles]] working against Le Pen.

Within the FN itself, Duprat founded the FANE-backed [[Revolutionary Nationalist Groups|Groupes nationalistes révolutionnaires]] faction, until his 1978 assassination. The subsequent history of the French hard right has been the conflict between the national-conservative controlled FN and "national revolutionary" (fascistic and National Bolshevik) splinter or opposition groups. The latter include groups in the tradition of Thiriart and Duprat, such as the [[Parti communautaire national-européen]], [[Troisième voie]], the [[Nouvelle Résistance]] of [[Christian Bouchet]],<ref name="Banquet">[https://www.revue-lebanquet.com/docs/a_0000362.html Stratégies et pratiques du mouvement nationaliste-révolutionnaire français : départs, desseins et destin d'Unité Radicale (1989–2002)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082901/https://www.revue-lebanquet.com/docs/a_0000362.html|date=29 September 2007}}, ''Le Banquet'', n°19, 2004 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> [[Unité Radicale]] and most recently [[Bloc identitaire]]. Direct splits from the FN include the 1987 founded FANE-revival [[Parti nationaliste français et européen]], which was disbanded in 2000. Neo-Nazi organizations are outlawed in the Fifth French Republic, yet a significant number of them still exist.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/03/thefarright.france |title=France says it will outlaw all neo-Nazi groups |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2005-02-03 |access-date=2009-11-03 |location=London |first=Jon |last=Henley |archive-date=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829015300/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/03/thefarright.france |url-status=live }}</ref>