Editing Miscarriage (section)

==Prevention==
Prevention of a miscarriage can sometimes be accomplished by decreasing risk factors.<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> This may include good [[prenatal care]], avoiding drugs and alcohol, preventing infectious diseases, and avoiding X-rays.<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> Identifying the cause of the miscarriage may help prevent future pregnancy loss, especially in cases of recurrent miscarriage. Often, there is little a person can do to prevent a miscarriage.<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> Vitamin supplementation before or during pregnancy has not been found to affect the risk of miscarriage.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Balogun OO, da Silva Lopes K, Ota E, Takemoto Y, Rumbold A, Takegata M, Mori R | title = Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | issue = 5 | pages = CD004073 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27150280 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004073.pub4 | df = mdy-all | pmc = 7104220 }}</ref> Progesterone has been shown to prevent miscarriage in women with 1) vaginal bleeding early in their current pregnancy and 2) a previous history of miscarriage.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta24330/#/full-report|doi = 10.3310/hta24330|title = Progesterone to prevent miscarriage in women with early pregnancy bleeding: The PRISM RCT|year = 2020|last1 = Coomarasamy|first1 = Arri|last2 = Harb|first2 = Hoda M.|last3 = Devall|first3 = Adam J.|last4 = Cheed|first4 = Versha|last5 = Roberts|first5 = Tracy E.|last6 = Goranitis|first6 = Ilias|last7 = Ogwulu|first7 = Chidubem B.|last8 = Williams|first8 = Helen M.|last9 = Gallos|first9 = Ioannis D.|last10 = Eapen|first10 = Abey|last11 = Daniels|first11 = Jane P.|last12 = Ahmed|first12 = Amna|last13 = Bender-Atik|first13 = Ruth|last14 = Bhatia|first14 = Kalsang|last15 = Bottomley|first15 = Cecilia|last16 = Brewin|first16 = Jane|last17 = Choudhary|first17 = Meenakshi|last18 = Crosfill|first18 = Fiona|last19 = Deb|first19 = Shilpa|last20 = Duncan|first20 = W Colin|last21 = Ewer|first21 = Andrew|last22 = Hinshaw|first22 = Kim|last23 = Holland|first23 = Thomas|last24 = Izzat|first24 = Feras|last25 = Johns|first25 = Jemma|last26 = Lumsden|first26 = Mary-Ann|last27 = Manda|first27 = Padma|last28 = Norman|first28 = Jane E.|last29 = Nunes|first29 = Natalie|last30 = Overton|first30 = Caroline E.|journal = Health Technology Assessment|volume = 24|issue = 33|pages = 1–70|pmid = 32609084|pmc = 7355406}}</ref>

===Non-modifiable risk factors===
Preventing a miscarriage in subsequent pregnancies may be enhanced with assessments of:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Immune status<ref name="CarpSelmi2012" /><ref name=":3" />
* Chemical and [[occupational exposure]]s{{sfn|Hoffman|page=272|}}
* Anatomical defects{{sfn|Hoffman|page=181|}}<ref name="auto7"/>
* [[Pre-existing disease in pregnancy|Pre-existing]] or acquired disease in pregnancy{{sfn|Hoffman|page=174|}}<ref name="LisRowhani-Rahbar2015"/>
** Polycystic ovary syndrome<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boomsma CM, Fauser BC, Macklon NS | title = Pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome | journal = Seminars in Reproductive Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 72–84 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18181085 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-992927 | s2cid = 260316768 }}</ref><ref name=metformin /><ref name=Khattab /><ref name=Acta /><ref name="RCOG-PCOS" />
* Previous exposure to chemotherapy and radiation
* Medications{{sfn|Hoffman|page=172|}}<ref name="Ross LE 436–443"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto5"/><ref name="auto6"/>
* Surgical history{{sfn|Hoffman|pages=172–173|}}
* Endocrine disorders{{sfn|Hoffman|page=173|}}<ref name="auto2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mills JL, Simpson JL, Driscoll SG, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Van Allen M, Aarons JH, Metzger B, Bieber FR, Knopp RH, Holmes LB | title = Incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent diabetic women whose pregnancies were identified within 21 days of conception | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 319 | issue = 25 | pages = 1617–23 | date = December 1988 | pmid = 3200277 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198812223192501 }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2017}}
* Genetic abnormalities{{sfn|Hoffman|page=181–182|}}<ref name="auto7"/>
{{div col end}}

===Modifiable risk factors===
Maintaining a healthy weight and good prenatal care can reduce the risk of miscarriage.<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> Some risk factors can be minimized by avoiding the following:
* Smoking<ref name="x"/><ref name="paternal smoking"/><ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/>
* Cocaine use<ref name="x"/>
* Alcohol<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/>
* Poor nutrition
* Occupational exposure to agents that can cause miscarriage{{sfn|Hoffman|page=272}}
* Medications associated with miscarriage{{sfn|Hoffman|page=72}}<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/>
* Substance use<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/>