Editing Major depressive disorder (section)

===Comorbidity===
Major depression frequently [[Comorbidity|co-occurs]] with other psychiatric problems. The 1990–92 ''[[National Comorbidity Survey]]'' (US) reported that half of those with major depression also have lifetime [[anxiety]] and its associated disorders, such as [[generalized anxiety disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kessler RC, Nelson CB, McGonagle KA, et al|title=Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement |volume=168 |issue=30 |pages=17–30 |date=June 1996 |pmid=8864145 |doi=10.1192/S0007125000298371 |s2cid=19525295 }}</ref> Anxiety symptoms can have a major impact on the course of a depressive illness, with delayed recovery, increased risk of relapse, greater disability and increased suicidal behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hirschfeld RM |title=The Comorbidity of Major Depression and Anxiety Disorders: Recognition and Management in Primary Care |journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=244–54 |date=December 2001 |pmid=15014592 |pmc=181193 |doi=10.4088/PCC.v03n0609 }}</ref> Depressed people have increased rates of alcohol and substance use, particularly dependence,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Grant BF |title=Comorbidity between DSM-IV drug use disorders and major depression: results of a national survey of adults |journal=Journal of Substance Abuse |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=481–97 |year=1995 |pmid=8838629 |doi=10.1016/0899-3289(95)90017-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boden JM, Fergusson DM | title = Alcohol and depression | journal = Addiction | volume = 106 | issue = 5 | pages = 906–14 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21382111 | doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03351.x | hdl = 10523/10319 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> and around a third of individuals diagnosed with [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) develop comorbid depression.<ref>{{cite book |title=Delivered from distraction: Getting the most out of life with Attention Deficit Disorder |url=https://archive.org/details/deliveredfromdis00edwa |url-access=registration |vauthors=Hallowell EM, Ratey JJ |year=2005 |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=New York|isbn=978-0-345-44231-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/deliveredfromdis00edwa/page/253 253–55]}}</ref> [[Post-traumatic stress disorder]] and depression often co-occur.<ref name=NIMHPub/> Depression may also coexist with ADHD, complicating the diagnosis and treatment of both.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Brunsvold GL, Oepen G |title=Comorbid Depression in ADHD: Children and Adolescents |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=25 |issue=10 |year=2008 |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/adhd/article/10168/1286863 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524050341/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/adhd/article/10168/1286863 |archive-date=24 May 2009 }}</ref> Depression is also frequently comorbid with [[alcohol use disorder]] and [[personality disorder]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Melartin TK, Rytsälä HJ, Leskelä US, Lestelä-Mielonen PS, Sokero TP, Isometsä ET |title=Current comorbidity of psychiatric disorders among DSM-IV major depressive disorder patients in psychiatric care in the Vantaa Depression Study |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=126–34 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11874213 |doi=10.4088/jcp.v63n0207 }}</ref> Depression can also be exacerbated during particular months (usually winter) in those with [[seasonal affective disorder]]. While [[Digital media use and mental health|overuse of digital media]] has been associated with depressive symptoms, using digital media may also improve mood in some situations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoge E, Bickham D, Cantor J | title = Digital Media, Anxiety, and Depression in Children | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 140 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = S76–S80 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29093037 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2016-1758G | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ | title = Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology | journal = Journal of Affective Disorders | volume = 207 | pages = 251–259 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27736736 | doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030 | s2cid = 205642153 }}</ref>

Depression and [[pain]] often co-occur. One or more pain symptoms are present in 65% of people who have depression, and anywhere from 5 to 85% of people who are experiencing pain will also have depression, depending on the setting—a lower prevalence in general practice, and higher in specialty clinics. Depression is often underrecognized, and therefore undertreated, in patients presenting with pain.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bair MJ, Robinson RL, Katon W, Kroenke K |title=Depression and pain comorbidity: a literature review |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=163 |issue=20 |pages=2433–45 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14609780 |doi=10.1001/archinte.163.20.2433 |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/163/20/2433(fulltext) |doi-access=free }}</ref> Depression often coexists with physical disorders common among the elderly, such as [[stroke]], other [[cardiovascular diseases]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krittanawong |first1=Chayakrit |last2=Maitra |first2=Neil Sagar |last3=Qadeer |first3=Yusuf Kamran |last4=Wang |first4=Zhen |last5=Fogg |first5=Sonya |last6=Storch |first6=Eric A. |last7=Celano |first7=Christopher M. |last8=Huffman |first8=Jeff C. |last9=Jha |first9=Manish |last10=Charney |first10=Dennis S. |last11=Lavie |first11=Carl J. |date=1 September 2023 |title=Association of Depression and Cardiovascular Disease |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002934323003340 |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |language=English |volume=136 |issue=9 |pages=881–895 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.04.036 |issn=0002-9343 |pmid=37247751}}</ref> [[Parkinson's disease]], and [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Yohannes AM, Baldwin RC|title=Medical Comorbidities in Late-Life Depression|journal=Psychiatric Times|volume=25|issue=14|year=2008|url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/depression/article/10168/1358135|access-date=10 June 2009|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614095605/https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/10168/1358135}}</ref>