Editing Kazakhstan (section)

=== Infrastructure ===

{{Main|Transport in Kazakhstan|Telecommunications in Kazakhstan}}
[[File:Railway Map of Kazakhstan (kk).png|thumb|Map of Kazakhstan railway network]]
[[File:KTZ 2TE10U Aynabulak.jpg|thumb|Train 22 Kyzylorda – Semipalatinsk, hauled by a Kazakhstan Temir Zholy 2TE10U diesel locomotive. Picture taken near Aynabulak, Kazakhstan.]]

Railways provide 68 percent of all cargo and passenger traffic to over 57 percent of the country. There are {{convert|15333|km|mi|abbr=on}} in common carrier service, excluding industrial lines.<ref name=ciafactbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=cia.gov|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109132304/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan|url-status=live}}</ref>{{convert|15333|km|mi|abbr=on}} of {{Track gauge|1520mm|lk=on}} gauge, {{convert|4000|km|mi|abbr=on}} electrified, in 2012.<ref name=ciafactbook /> Most cities are connected by railroad; high-speed trains go from [[Almaty]] (the southernmost city) to [[Petropavl]] (the northernmost city) in about 18 hours.

[[Kazakhstan Temir Zholy]] (KTZ) is the national railway company. KTZ cooperates with French locomotive manufacturer [[Alstom]] in developing Kazakhstan's railway infrastructure. As of 2018, Alstom has more than 600 staff and two joint ventures with KTZ and its subsidiary in Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Loco manufacturer obtains first IRIS certification in Kazakhstan|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/business/single-view/view/loco-manufacturer-obtains-first-iris-certification-in-kazakhstan.html|website=railwaygazette.com|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513011411/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/business/single-view/view/loco-manufacturer-obtains-first-iris-certification-in-kazakhstan.html|archive-date=13 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2017, Alstom opened its first locomotive repairing centre in Kazakhstan. It is the only repairing centre in Central Asia and the Caucasus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alstom inaugurated first locomotive repairing centre in Kazakhstan|url=http://www.raillynews.com/2017/alstom-inaugurated-first-locomotive-repairing-centre-kazakhstan/|website=raillynews.com|date=24 July 2017 |access-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513011359/http://www.raillynews.com/2017/alstom-inaugurated-first-locomotive-repairing-centre-kazakhstan/|archive-date=13 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Astana Nurly Zhol railway station]], the most modern railway station in Kazakhstan, was opened in Astana on 31 May 2017. According to Kazakhstan Railways (KTZ), the 120,000m<sup>2</sup> station was expected to be used by 54 trains and would have the capacity to handle 35,000 passengers a day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Astana Nurly Zhol station inaugurated|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/astana-nurly-zhol-station-opens.html|website=railjournal.com|date=2 June 2017|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513012912/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/astana-nurly-zhol-station-opens.html|archive-date=13 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

There is a small {{convert| 8.56|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[rapid transit|metro]] system in [[Almaty]]. Second and third metro lines were planned for the future. The second line would intersect with the first line at [[Alatau (Almaty Metro)|Alatau]] and [[Zhibek Zholy (Almaty Metro)|Zhibek Zholy]] stations.<ref name=urbanrail.net>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/as/alma/almaty.htm|title=urbanrail.net|access-date=25 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425050228/http://www.urbanrail.net/as/alma/almaty.htm|archive-date=25 April 2015}}</ref> The [[Astana Metro]] system has been under construction, but was abandoned at one point in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/industry_infrastructure/No-Light-Rail-Transport-for-Astana-24346/|title=No Light Rail Transport for Astana|website=Tengrinews.kz|date=28 November 2013 |access-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926042415/https://en.tengrinews.kz/industry_infrastructure/No-Light-Rail-Transport-for-Astana-24346/|archive-date=26 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2015, an agreement was signed for the project to be resumed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/news/asia/single-view/view/astana-light-rail-framework-agreement-signed.html|title=Astana light rail framework agreement signed|first=DVV Media|last=UK|work=Railway Gazette |access-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702011816/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/news/asia/single-view/view/astana-light-rail-framework-agreement-signed.html|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> There is an {{convert|86|km|mi|abbr=on}} tram network, which began service in 1965 with, as of 2012, 20 regular and three special routes.<ref name=Pavlodar>[[Pavlodar]]</ref>

The [[Khorgos Gateway]] dry port is one of Kazakhstan's primary [[dry port]]s for handling trans-Eurasian trains, which travel more than {{convert|9000|km|abbr=on}} between China and Europe. The Khorgos Gateway dry port is surrounded by Khorgos Eastern Gate SEZ which officially commenced operations in December 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Khorgos: The New Silk Road's Central Station Comes To Life|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2017/02/20/khorgos-the-new-silk-roads-central-station-comes-to-life/2/#4770e6ab5322|website=forbes.com|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513012524/https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2017/02/20/khorgos-the-new-silk-roads-central-station-comes-to-life/2/#4770e6ab5322|archive-date=13 May 2018|url-status=live |last1=Shepard |first1=Wade }}</ref>

In 2009, the [[European Commission]] [[blacklist]]ed all Kazakh air carriers with a sole exception of [[Air Astana]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anonymous|date=2016-09-22|title=Aviation Safety: Commission updates EU air safety list – Iran and Africa make progress|url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/air/news/2016-06-16-air-ban_en|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Mobility and Transport – European Commission|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073308/https://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/air/news/2016-06-16-air-ban_en|url-status=live}}</ref> Thereafter, Kazakhstan took measures to modernise and revamp its air safety oversight. In 2016 the European air safety authorities removed all Kazakh airlines from the blacklist, saying there was "sufficient evidence of compliance" with international standards by Kazakh Airlines and the Civil Aviation Committee.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sustained safety effort pulled Kazakhstan off EU blacklist|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sustained-safety-effort-pulled-kazakhstan-off-eu-bla-432336/|website=flightglobal.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014911/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sustained-safety-effort-pulled-kazakhstan-off-eu-bla-432336/|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>