Editing Jurassic (section)

==== Theropods ====
Advanced [[Theropoda|theropods]] belonging to [[Neotheropoda]] first appeared in the Late Triassic. Basal neotheropods, such as [[Coelophysoidea|coelophysoids]] and [[Dilophosauridae|dilophosaurs]], persisted into the Early Jurassic, but became extinct by the Middle Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zahner |first1=Marion |last2=Brinkmann |first2=Winand |date=August 2019 |title=A Triassic averostran-line theropod from Switzerland and the early evolution of dinosaurs |url= |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |language=en |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=1146–1152 |bibcode=2019NatEE...3.1146Z |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0941-z |issn=2397-334X |pmc=6669044 |pmid=31285577}}</ref> The earliest [[averostra]]ns appear during the Early Jurassic, with the earliest known member of [[Ceratosauria]] being ''[[Saltriovenator]]'' from the early Sinemurian (199.3–197.5 million years ago) of Italy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sasso |first1=Cristiano Dal |last2=Maganuco |first2=Simone |last3=Cau |first3=Andrea |date=2018-12-19 |title=The oldest ceratosaurian (Dinosauria: Theropoda), from the Lower Jurassic of Italy, sheds light on the evolution of the three-fingered hand of birds |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=6 |pages=e5976 |doi=10.7717/peerj.5976 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=6304160 |pmid=30588396 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The unusual ceratosaur ''[[Limusaurus]]'' from the Late Jurassic of China had a herbivorous diet, with adults having [[edentulous]] beaked jaws,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Shuo |last2=Stiegler |first2=Josef |last3=Amiot |first3=Romain |last4=Wang |first4=Xu |last5=Du |first5=Guo-hao |last6=Clark |first6=James M. |last7=Xu |first7=Xing |date=January 2017 |title=Extreme Ontogenetic Changes in a Ceratosaurian Theropod |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=144–148 |bibcode=2017CBio...27..144W |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.043 |pmid=28017609 |s2cid=441498 |doi-access=free}}</ref> making it the earliest known theropod to have converted from an ancestrally carnivorous diet.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zanno |first1=Lindsay E. |last2=Makovicky |first2=Peter J. |date=2011-01-04 |title=Herbivorous ecomorphology and specialization patterns in theropod dinosaur evolution |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=232–237 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108..232Z |doi=10.1073/pnas.1011924108 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=3017133 |pmid=21173263 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The earliest members of the [[Tetanurae]] appeared during the late Early Jurassic or early Middle Jurassic.<ref name="Rauhut-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Rauhut |first1=Oliver W. M. |last2=Pol |first2=Diego |date=2019-12-11 |title=Probable basal allosauroid from the early Middle Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Argentina highlights phylogenetic uncertainty in tetanuran theropod dinosaurs |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=18826 |bibcode=2019NatSR...918826R |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53672-7 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6906444 |pmid=31827108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[Megalosauridae]] represent the oldest radiation of the Tetanurae, first appearing in Europe during the Bajocian.<ref name="Benson-2010">{{Cite journal |last=Benson |first=R.B.J |date=2010 |title=A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=158 |issue=4 |pages=882–935 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00569.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> The oldest member of [[Allosauroidea]] has been suggested to be ''[[Asfaltovenator]]'' from the Middle Jurassic of South America.<ref name="Rauhut-2019" /> [[Coelurosauria|Coelurosaurs]] first appeared during the Middle Jurassic, including early [[Tyrannosauroidea|tyrannosaurs]] such as ''[[Proceratosaurus]]'' from the Bathonian of Britain.<ref name="rauhutetal2010">{{Cite journal |last1=Rauhut |first1=Oliver W. M. |last2=Milner |first2=Angela C. |last3=Moore-Fay |first3=Scott |year=2010 |title=Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur ''Proceratosaurus'' bradleyi(Woodward, 1910) from the Middle Jurassic of England |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=158 |pages=155–195 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00591.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some coelurosaurs from the Late Jurassic of China including ''[[Shishugounykus]]'' and ''[[Haplocheirus]]'' are suggested to represent early [[Alvarezsauroidea|alvarezsaurs]],<ref>Qin, Z., Clark, J., Choiniere, J., & Xu, X. (2019). A new alvarezsaurian theropod from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of western China. Scientific Reports, 9: 11727. {{doi|10.1038/s41598-019-48148-7}}</ref> however, this has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Agnolín |first1=Federico L. |last2=Lu |first2=Jun-Chang |last3=Kundrát |first3=Martin |last4=Xu |first4=Li |date=2021-06-02 |title=Alvarezsaurid osteology: new data on cranial anatomy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2021.1929203 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=443–452 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1929203 |issn=0891-2963 |s2cid=236221732}}</ref> [[Scansoriopterygidae|Scansoriopterygids]], a group of small feathered coelurosaurs with membraneous, bat-like wings for gliding, are known from the Middle to Late Jurassic of China.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Min |last2=O’Connor |first2=Jingmai K. |last3=Xu |first3=Xing |last4=Zhou |first4=Zhonghe |date=May 2019 |title=A new Jurassic scansoriopterygid and the loss of membranous wings in theropod dinosaurs |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1137-z |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=569 |issue=7755 |pages=256–259 |bibcode=2019Natur.569..256W |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1137-z |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=31068719 |s2cid=148571099}}</ref> The oldest record of [[Troodontidae|troodontids]] is suggested to be ''[[Hesperornithoides]]'' from the Late Jurassic of North America. Tooth remains suggested to represent those of [[Dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurs]] are known from the Jurassic, but no body remains are known until the Cretaceous.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hartman |first1=Scott |last2=Mortimer |first2=Mickey |last3=Wahl |first3=William R. |last4=Lomax |first4=Dean R. |last5=Lippincott |first5=Jessica |last6=Lovelace |first6=David M. |date=2019-07-10 |title=A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=7 |pages=e7247 |doi=10.7717/peerj.7247 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=6626525 |pmid=31333906 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Ceratosaurus mounted white background.jpg|Skeleton of ''[[Ceratosaurus]]'', a ceratosaurid from the Late Jurassic of North America
File:Monolophosaurus jiangi.jpg|Skeleton of ''[[Monolophosaurus]]'', a basal tetanuran from the Middle Jurassic of China
File:Yi qi restoration.jpg|Restoration of ''[[Yi (dinosaur)|Yi qi]]'', a scansoriopterygid from the Middle to Late Jurassic of China
</gallery>

===== Birds =====
[[File:Archaeopteryx lithographica (Berlin specimen).jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Archaeopteryx|Archaeopteryx lithographica]]'' from the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) of Germany|alt=Fossil of complete Archaeopteryx, including indentations of feathers on wings and tail]]
The earliest [[Avialae|avialans]], which include birds and their ancestors, appear during the Middle to Late Jurassic, definitively represented by ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' from the Late Jurassic of Germany. Avialans belong to the clade [[Paraves]] within Coelurosauria, which also includes dromaeosaurs and troodontids. The [[Anchiornithidae]] from the Middle-Late Jurassic of Eurasia have frequently suggested to be avialans, but have also alternatively found as a separate lineage of paravians.<ref name="Rauhut-2020">{{Citation |last1=Rauhut |first1=Oliver W. M. |title=The Origin of Birds: Current Consensus, Controversy, and the Occurrence of Feathers |date=2020 |work=The Evolution of Feathers: From Their Origin to the Present |pages=27–45 |editor-last=Foth |editor-first=Christian |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27223-4_3 |access-date=2021-01-05 |series=Fascinating Life Sciences |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-27223-4_3 |isbn=978-3-030-27223-4 |s2cid=216372010 |last2=Foth |first2=Christian |editor2-last=Rauhut |editor2-first=Oliver W. M.}}</ref>
[[File:Heterodontosaurus tucki cast - University of California Museum of Paleontology - Berkeley, CA - DSC04696.JPG|left|thumb|Skeleton of ''[[Heterodontosaurus]],'' a primitive ornithischian from the Early Jurassic of South Africa]]