Editing James A. Garfield (section)

==Funeral, memorials and commemorations==
[[File:Garfield-casket.jpg|thumb|200px|Garfield's casket [[lying in state]] at the [[United States Capitol rotunda|Capitol Rotunda]]]]
Garfield's funeral train left Long Branch on the same special track that had brought him there, traveling over tracks blanketed with flowers and past houses adorned with flags. His body was transported to the Capitol and then continued on to Cleveland for burial.{{sfn|Peskin|1978|pp=608–609}} Shocked by his death, [[United States Marine Band|Marine Band]] leader [[John Philip Sousa]] composed the march "[[In Memoriam: President Garfield's Funeral March|In Memoriam]]", which was played when Garfield's body was received in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bierley|first=Paul E|url=https://archive.org/details/worksofjohnphili00bier/page/62/mode/2up?q=The+works+of+John+Philip+Sousa|title=The Works of John Philip Sousa|publisher=Integrity Press|year=1984|isbn=978-0-918048-04-2|location=[[Columbus, Ohio]]|pages=63–64|lccn=84080665|ol=2876313M|author-link=Paul E. Bierley|access-date=June 29, 2021|url-access=registration}}</ref> More than 70,000 citizens, some waiting over three hours, passed by Garfield's coffin as his body [[lying in state|lay in state]] from September 21 to 23, 1881,<ref>[[#History, Arts, & Archives United States House of Representatives|History, Arts, & Archives United States House of Representatives]]</ref> at the [[United States Capitol rotunda]]; on September 25, in Cleveland, Garfield's casket was paraded down [[Euclid Avenue (Cleveland)|Euclid Avenue]] from Wilson Avenue to [[Public Square, Cleveland|Public Square]], with those in attendance including former presidents Grant and Hayes, and Generals [[William Tecumseh Sherman|William Sherman]], [[Philip Sheridan|Sheridan]] and Hancock.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Campen|first=Richard N.|date=April 5, 1964|title=Story of a Sad Station|page=Sunday Magazine, 29|work=[[The Plain Dealer]]}}</ref> More than 150,000—a number equal to the city's population—likewise paid their respects, and Sousa's march was again played.{{sfn|Peskin|1978|pp=608–609}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marineband.marines.mil/Audio-Resources/The-Complete-Marches-of-John-Philip-Sousa/In-Memoriam-President-Garfields-Funeral-March/ |title=In Memoriam (President Garfield's Funeral March) |website=United States Marine Band |first=Paul E. |last=Bierley |access-date=July 5, 2021 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184416/https://www.marineband.marines.mil/Audio-Resources/The-Complete-Marches-of-John-Philip-Sousa/In-Memoriam-President-Garfields-Funeral-March/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Garfield's body was temporarily interred in the [[Levi Scofield|Schofield]] family vault in Cleveland's [[Lake View Cemetery]] until his permanent memorial was built.{{sfn|Peskin|1978|pp=608–609}}<ref>{{Citation|title=The Life and Death of James A. Garfield: One of Ohio's Greatest Sons| date=September 29, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmg1qKX7LYo| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/zmg1qKX7LYo| archive-date=November 14, 2021 | url-status=live|language=en|access-date=March 6, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Memorials to Garfield were erected across the country. On April 10, 1882, seven months after Garfield's death, the U.S. Post Office Department issued a postage stamp in his honor.{{sfn|Smithsonian 2006}} In 1884, sculptor [[Frank Happersberger]] completed a monument on the grounds of the [[Conservatory of Flowers|San Francisco Conservatory of Flowers]].{{sfn|Radford|Radford|2002|p=23}} In 1887, the [[James A. Garfield Monument]] was dedicated in Washington.{{sfn|Ackerman|2003|p=441}} [[James Garfield Memorial, Philadelphia|Another monument]], in Philadelphia's [[Fairmount Park]], was erected in 1896.{{sfn|Bach|1992|p=207}} In [[Victoria, Australia]], [[Garfield, Victoria|Cannibal Creek]] was renamed Garfield in his honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardinia.vic.gov.au/files/Strategic_planning/SP_GarfieldTownshipStrategy_2002-08-19.pdf |title=Garfield Township Strategy |publisher=Cardinia Shire Council |date=August 19, 2002 |page=36 |access-date=January 24, 2012 |quote=Originally Cannibal Creek Siding was built in 1877 to serve the booming timber industry when the railway line was laid from Dandenong to Bunyip. The district was latter [sic] renamed Garfield after an American President. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401082257/http://www.cardinia.vic.gov.au/files/Strategic_planning/SP_GarfieldTownshipStrategy_2002-08-19.pdf |archive-date=April 1, 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:The Garfield Obsequies at Cleveland, Schofield vault, temporary resting place of the remains, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Stereoscopy|Stereoscopic images]] of the [[Levi Scofield|Schofield]] family vault where Garfield's remains were kept until completion of his permanent memorial<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Garfield Obsequies at Cleveland, Schofield vault, temporary resting place of the remains.|url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-9a52-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99|access-date=August 18, 2021|website=NYPL Digital Collections|language=en|archive-date=December 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214010359/https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-9a52-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
On May 19, 1890, Garfield's body was permanently interred, with great solemnity and fanfare, in a [[James A. Garfield Memorial|mausoleum]] in Lake View Cemetery. Attending the dedication ceremonies were former President Hayes, President Benjamin Harrison, and future president [[William McKinley]].{{sfn|Memorial 1890|pp=46–49}} Treasury Secretary William Windom also attended.{{sfn|Memorial 1890|pp=46–49}} Harrison said Garfield was always a "student and instructor" and that his life works and death would "continue to be instructive and inspiring incidents in American history".{{sfn|Memorial 1890|p=51}} Three panels on the monument display Garfield as a teacher, Union major general, and [[orator]]; another shows him taking the presidential oath, and a fifth shows his body lying in state at the Capitol rotunda in Washington, D.C.{{sfn|Memorial 1890|pp=34–35}}

Garfield's murder by a deranged office-seeker awakened public awareness of the need for civil service reform legislation. Senator [[George H. Pendleton]], a Democrat from Ohio, launched a reform effort that resulted in the [[Pendleton Act]] in January 1883.{{sfn|Doenecke|1981|pp=100–102}} This act reversed the "spoils system" where office seekers paid up or gave political service to obtain or keep federally appointed positions.{{sfn|Doenecke|1981|pp=100–102}} Under the act, appointments were awarded on merit and competitive examination.{{sfn|Doenecke|1981|pp=102–103}} To ensure the reform was implemented, Congress and Arthur established and funded the [[United States Civil Service Commission|Civil Service Commission]]. The Pendleton Act, however, covered only 10% of federal government workers.{{sfn|Doenecke|1981|pp=102–103}} For Arthur, previously known for having been a "veteran spoilsman", civil service reform became his most noteworthy achievement.{{sfn|Peskin|1978|p=610}}

A [[Statue of James A. Garfield (U.S. Capitol)|marble statue of Garfield]] by [[Charles Niehaus]] was added to the [[National Statuary Hall Collection]] in the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] in [[Washington D.C.]], a gift from the State of [[Ohio]] in 1886.<ref>Architect of the Capitol Under the Direction of the Joint Committee on the Library, Compilation of Works of Art and Other Objects in the United States Capitol, United States Government Printing Office, Washington 1965, p. 210</ref>

Garfield is honored with a life-size bronze sculpture inside the [[Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Cleveland)|Cuyahoga County Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]] in Cleveland, Ohio.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pacini|first=Lauren R.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1107321740|title=Honoring their memory : Levi T. Scofield, Cleveland's monumental architect and sculptor|date=2019|isbn=978-0-578-48036-7|publisher=Artography Press|location=Cleveland [Ohio]|oclc=1107321740|access-date=March 6, 2021|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221025734/https://www.worldcat.org/title/honoring-their-memory-levi-t-scofield-clevelands-monumental-architect-and-sculptor/oclc/1107321740|url-status=live}}</ref>

On March 2, 2019, the [[National Park Service]] erected exhibit panels in Washington to mark the site of his assassination.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=GarfieldNPS |number=1101815971944321024 |date=March 2, 2019 |title=One year ago today, @SmithsonianMag ran an article lamenting that site of Garfield assassination was unmarked. We have rectified that! Exhibit panels are now at up in Washington, DC near site of the shooting.{{spaces}}... [thread]}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Garf 07-04-2008 02;10;53PM.JPG|alt=A large three-story house of wood and stone|[[James A. Garfield National Historic Site|Lawnfield, Garfield National Historic Site]], location of the "[[front porch campaign]]"
File:James A. Garfield Monument 01 (cropped).jpg|[[James A. Garfield Memorial|Garfield Memorial]] at [[Lake View Cemetery (Cleveland)|Lake View Cemetery]] in Cleveland, Ohio
File:James A. Garfield Monument (general view) - Washington, DC.jpg|[[James A. Garfield Monument]] in Washington, D.C.
File:James Garfield2 1882 Issue-5c.jpg|First Garfield postage stamp, 1882
</gallery>