Editing Islamophobia (section)

==Countering Islamophobia==
[[File:Prejudice against Roma, Trans and Muslim people (EU, 2015).svg|thumb|upright=1.78|According to a survey conducted by the [[European Commission]] in 2015 13% of the respondents would be completely uncomfortable about working with a Muslim person ({{legend-inline|#fdbf6f|orange}}), compared with 17% with a [[transgender]] or [[transsexual]] person ({{legend-inline|#b2df8a|green}}) and 20% with a [[Romani people|Romani]] person ({{legend-inline|#cab2d6|violet}}).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bona |first1=Marzia |title=How widespread is anti-Roma prejudice? |url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/How-widespread-is-anti-Roma-prejudice |access-date=29 August 2018 |work=OBC Transeuropa/EDJNet |date=2 August 2018}}</ref>]]

===International===
The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], in its 5th report to Islamophobia Observatory of 2012, found an "institutionalization and legitimization of the phenomenon of Islamophobia" in the West over the previous five years.<ref name=Arabnews121113>{{cite news|title=OIC warns of exploiting Islamophobia phenomenon|url=http://www.arabnews.com/oic-warns-exploiting-islamophobia-phenomenon|access-date=18 October 2013|newspaper=Arab News|date=13 November 2012}}</ref>

On 16 March 2022, [[United Nations|UN]] designated March 15 as [[International Day To Combat Islamophobia]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=UN Designated March 15, Combat Day To Islamophobia |work=Dawn News |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1680128}}</ref>

===European Union===
The largest project monitoring Islamophobia was undertaken following 9/11 by the EU watchdog, [[European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia]] (EUMC). Their May 2002 report "Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001", written by [[Chris Allen (academic)|Chris Allen]] and Jorgen S. Nielsen of the [[University of Birmingham]], was based on 75 reports&nbsp; – 15 from each EU member nation.<ref name="EUMCNews">{{Cite news |title=EUMC presents reports on Discrimination and Islamophobia in the EU |publisher=European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia media release |url=http://www.eumc.europa.eu/eumc/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=43d8bc25bc89d&contentid=4582ddc822d41 |date=18 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131230905/http://www.eumc.europa.eu/eumc/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=43d8bc25bc89d&contentid=4582ddc822d41 |archive-date=31 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name=EUMC>Allen, Chris and Nielsen, Jorgen S. [http://www.raxen.eumc.eu.int/1/webmill.php?id=32813&ditem=3101&lin=detail "Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112213546/http://www.raxen.eumc.eu.int/1/webmill.php?id=32813&ditem=3101&lin=detail |date=12 November 2007 }}, EUMC, May 2002.</ref> The report highlighted the regularity with which ordinary Muslims became targets for abusive and sometimes violent retaliatory attacks after 9/11. Despite localized differences within each member nation, the recurrence of attacks on recognizable and visible traits of Islam and Muslims was the report's most significant finding. Incidents consisted of verbal abuse, blaming all Muslims for [[List of terrorist incidents|terrorism]], forcibly removing women's [[hijab]]s, spitting on Muslims, calling children "[[Osama bin Laden|Osama]]", and random assaults. A number of Muslims were hospitalized and in one instance paralyzed.<ref name=EUMC/> The report also discussed the portrayal of Muslims in the media. Inherent negativity, stereotypical images, fantastical representations, and exaggerated caricatures were all identified. The report concluded that "a greater receptivity towards anti-Muslim and other xenophobic ideas and sentiments has, and may well continue, to become more tolerated."<ref name=EUMC/> The [[European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia]] has since released a number of publications related to Islamophobia, including ''The Fight against Antisemitism and Islamophobia: Bringing Communities together (European Round Tables Meetings)'' (2003) and ''Muslims in the European Union: Discrimination and Islamophobia'' (2006).<ref>[http://fra.europa.eu/fra/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=1 EUMC website&nbsp;– Publications] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223010504/http://fra.europa.eu/fra/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=1 |date=23 December 2007 }}. Retrieved 17 November 2007.</ref>

In 2016, the European Islamophobia Report (EIR) presented the "European Islamophobia Report 2015"<ref>{{cite journal|title=Reports – European Islamophobia|journal=European Islamophobia Reports EIR|date=3 May 2016|issue=2015|url=http://www.islamophobiaeurope.com/reports/2015-reports/|access-date=18 May 2016|language=en|format=.html/.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=EIR_2015.pdf|journal=European Islamophobia Reports EIR|date=3 May 2016|issue=2015|url=http://www.islamophobiaeurope.com/reports/2015/en/EIR_2015.pdf|access-date=18 May 2016|language=en}}</ref> at [[European Parliament]] which analyzes the "trends in the spread of Islamophobia" in 25 European states in 2015. The EIR defines Islamophobia as anti-Muslim racism. While not every criticism of Muslims or Islam is necessarily Islamophobic, anti-Muslim sentiments expressed through the dominant group scapegoating and excluding Muslims for the sake of power is.<ref name=eirquote>{{cite web|title=Definition – About European Islamophobia Report (EIR)|url=http://www.islamophobiaeurope.com/about-us/|website=©2016 European Islamophobia|publisher=European Parliament|access-date=12 May 2016|language=en|format=.html|date=3 May 2016|quote=When talking about Islamophobia, we mean anti-Muslim racism. As Anti-Semitism Studies has shown, the etymological components of a word do not necessarily point to its complete meaning, nor how it is used. Such is also the case with Islamophobia Studies. Islamophobia has become a well known term used in academia as much as in the public sphere. Criticism of Muslims or of the Islamic religion is not necessarily Islamophobic. Islamophobia is about a dominant group of people aiming at seizing, stabilizing and widening their power by means of defining a scapegoat – real or invented – and excluding this scapegoat from the resources/rights/definition of a constructed 'we'. Islamophobia operates by constructing a static 'Muslim' identity, which is attributed in negative terms and generalized for all Muslims. At the same time, Islamophobic images are fluid and vary in different contexts, because Islamophobia tells us more about the Islamophobe than it tells us about the Muslims/Islam.}}</ref>

On 26 September 2018, the [[European Parliament]] in [[Brussels]] launched the "Counter-Islamophobia Toolkit" (CIK), with the goal of combatting the growing Islamophobia across the [[European Union|EU]] and to be distributed to national governments and other policy makers, civil society and the media. Based on the most comprehensive research in Europe, it examines patterns of Islamophobia and effective strategies against it in eight member states. It lists ten dominant narratives and ten effective counter-narratives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cik.leeds.ac.uk/events/cik-toolkit-launch-european-parliament-brussels/|website=University of Leeds|title=CIK Toolkit Launch – European Parliament, Brussels|date=26 September 2018|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140006/https://cik.leeds.ac.uk/events/cik-toolkit-launch-european-parliament-brussels/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=1 March 2019|url=http://www.equineteurope.org/Counter-Islamophobia-Kit|title=Counter-Islamophobia Kit|website=Equinet European Network of Equality Bodies|date=4 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Counter-Islamophobia kit:briefing paper and toolkit of counter-narratives to Islamophobia|first1=Ian|last1=Law|first2=Easat-Daas|last2=Amina|first3=S.|last3=Sayyid|access-date=1 March 2019|website=University of Leeds|date=September 2018|url=https://cik.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/36/2018/09/2018.09.17-Job-44240.01-CIK-Final-Booklet.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808183822/https://cik.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/36/2018/09/2018.09.17-Job-44240.01-CIK-Final-Booklet.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

One of the authors of the CIK, Amina Easat-Daas, says that Muslim women are disproportionately affected by Islamophobia, based on both the "threat to the west" and "victims of...Islamic sexism" narratives. The approach taken in the CIK is a four-step one: defining the misinformed narratives based on flawed logic; documenting them; deconstructing these ideas to expose the flaws; and finally, reconstruction of mainstream ideas about Islam and Muslims, one closer to reality. The dominant ideas circulating in popular culture should reflect the diverse everyday experiences of Muslims and their faith.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Conversation|title=How to tackle Islamophobia – the best strategies from around Europe|url=https://theconversation.com/how-to-tackle-islamophobia-the-best-strategies-from-around-europe-106092|date=21 February 2019|access-date=1 March 2019|first=Easat-Daas |last=Amina}}</ref>

====Sweden====
Anne Sophie Roald stated that Islamophobia was recognized as a form of intolerance alongside [[xenophobia]] and [[antisemitism]] at the "Stockholm International Forum on Combating Intolerance",<ref>{{Cite book|first=Anne Sophie |last=Roald|title=New Muslims in the European Context: The Experience of Scandinavian Converts |url=https://archive.org/details/newmuslimseurope00roal |url-access=limited |page=[https://archive.org/details/newmuslimseurope00roal/page/n67 53] |publisher=Brill|year=2004|isbn=978-90-04-13679-3}}</ref> held in January 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fasena.de/download/rechts/SIFCI.pdf|title=Fasena.de}}</ref> The conference adopted a declaration to combat "genocide, ethnic cleansing, racism, antisemitism, Islamophobia and xenophobia, and to combat all forms of racial discrimination and intolerance related to it."<ref name="humanrights.gov.se">{{cite web|url=http://www.humanrights.gov.se/stockholmforum/2001/conference_2001.html |publisher=Chancellery of the Government of Sweden |title=Conference Two: Combating Intolerance |access-date=19 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923211418/http://www.humanrights.gov.se/stockholmforum/2001/conference_2001.html |archive-date=23 September 2010 }}</ref>

In 2014 Integrationsverket (the Swedish National Integration Board) defined Islamophobia as "racism and discrimination expressed towards Muslims."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ehle|first=David|date=2014-02-23|title=Terminologi – islamofobi|url=https://motargument.se/2014/02/23/terminologi-islamofobi/|access-date=2023-01-02|website=Motargument|language=sv-SE|quote=rasistiska och diskriminerande uttryck gentemot muslimer}}</ref>