Editing Innovation (section)

==Government policies==
[[File:Charles_Herrold_laboratory_circa_1912.jpg|thumb|right|50 W. San Fernando Street in downtown San Jose is the site of the world's first [[radio broadcasting station]], created in 1909 by [[Charles Herrold]], the "Father of Broadcasting".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bayarearadio.org/sf-radio-history/kqw |title=Bay Area Radio Museum: The Charles Herrold Story |date=12 August 2014}}</ref>]]
Given its effects on [[efficiency]], [[quality of life]], and [[productivity|productive growth]], innovation is a key driver in improving society and economy. Consequently, policymakers have worked to develop environments that will foster innovation, from funding [[research and development]] to establishing regulations that do not inhibit innovation, funding the development of innovation clusters, and using public purchasing and standardisation to 'pull' innovation through.

For instance, experts are advocating that the U.S. federal government launch a National Infrastructure Foundation, a nimble, collaborative strategic intervention organization that will house innovations programs from fragmented silos under one entity, inform federal officials on innovation [[performance measurement|performance metrics]], strengthen industry-university partnerships, and support innovation [[economic development]] initiatives, especially to strengthen [[business cluster|regional clusters]]. Because clusters are the geographic incubators of innovative products and processes, a cluster development grant program would also be targeted for implementation. By focusing on innovating in such areas as precision [[manufacturing]], [[information technology]], and [[clean energy]], other areas of national concern would be tackled including [[government debt]], [[carbon footprint]], and [[oil dependence]].<ref name="MetroPolicy"/> The U.S. [[Economic Development Administration]] understand this reality in their continued Regional Innovation Clusters initiative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eda.gov/PDF/EDA_FY_2010_Annual_Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922001813/http://www.eda.gov/PDF/EDA_FY_2010_Annual_Report.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-22 |url-status=live |title=U.S. Economic Development Administration: Fiscal Year 2010 Annual Report |website=Eda.gov |access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref> The United States also has to integrate her supply-chain and improve her applies research capability and downstream process innovation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2018/05/the-american-way-of-innovation-and-its-deficiencies/|title=The American Way of Innovation and Its Deficiencies|date=20 May 2018|website=American Affairs Journal|language=en-US|access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

Many countries recognize the importance of innovation including Japan's [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology]] (MEXT);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mext.go.jp/english/a06.htm |title=Science and Technology |publisher=MEXT |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905171421/http://www.mext.go.jp/english/a06.htm |archive-date=5 September 2011}}</ref> Germany's [[Federal Ministry of Education and Research]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmbf.de/en/Ministry.php |title=BMBF " Ministry |publisher=Bmbf.de |access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> and the [[Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Science and Technology]] in the People's Republic of China. Russia's innovation programme is the [[Medvedev modernisation programme]] which aims to create a diversified economy based on high technology and innovation. The [[Government of Western Australia]] has established a number of innovation incentives for government departments. [[Landgate]] was the first Western Australian government agency to establish its Innovation Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.landgate.wa.gov.au/innovation |title=Home |website=Landgate.wa.gov.au |publisher=Landgate Innovation Program |access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref>

Some [[regions]] have taken a proactive role in supporting innovation. Many regional governments are setting up innovation agencies to strengthen regional capabilities.<ref>Morisson, A. & Doussineau, M. (2019). Regional innovation governance and place-based policies: design, implementation and implications. Regional Studies, Regional Science,6(1),101–116. https://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21681376.2019.1578257.</ref> [[Business incubator]]s were first introduced in 1959 and subsequently nurtured by governments around the world. Such "incubators", located close to knowledge clusters (mostly research-based) like universities or other government [[Center of excellence|excellence centre]]s – aim primarily to channel generated knowledge to applied innovation outcomes in order to stimulate regional or national [[economic growth]].<ref>
{{Cite journal |last1=Rubin |first1=Tzameret H. |last2=Aas |first2=Tor Helge |last3=Stead |first3=Andrew |date=1 July 2015 |title=Knowledge flow in Technological Business Incubators: Evidence from Australia and Israel |journal=Technovation |volume=41-42 |pages=11–24 |doi=10.1016/j.technovation.2015.03.002}}</ref>

In 2009, the municipality of [[Medellin]], [[Colombia]] created [[Ruta N]] to transform the city into a knowledge city.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/23792949.2018.1538702|title = Knowledge Gatekeepers and Path Development on the Knowledge Periphery: The Case of Ruta N in Medellin, Colombia| journal=Area Development and Policy|volume = 4| pages=98–115|year = 2018|last1 = Morisson|first1 = Arnault|s2cid = 169689111}}</ref>