Editing Individualism (section)

==== Left-libertarianism ====
{{main|Left-libertarianism}}
Left-libertarianism represents several related yet distinct approaches to politics, society, culture and political and social theory which stress both individual and [[political freedom]] alongside [[social justice]]. Unlike right-libertarians, left-libertarians believe that neither claiming nor [[Labor theory of property|mixing one's labor]] with [[natural resources]] is enough to generate full [[private property]] rights,<ref name="WhyNotIncoherent">{{cite journal|last1=Vallentyne |first1=Peter |last2=Steiner |first2=Hillel |last3=Otsuka |first3=Michael |title=Why Left-Libertarianism Is Not Incoherent, Indeterminate, or Irrelevant: A Reply to Fried |journal=Philosophy and Public Affairs |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=201–215 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing, Inc. |year=2005 |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctymio/leftlibP&PA.pdf |access-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103160534/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctymio/leftlibP%26PA.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-03 |doi=10.1111/j.1088-4963.2005.00030.x }}</ref><ref name="encyclolib">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Narveson |first1= Jan|last2=Trenchard |first2= David |title= Left Libertarianism|author-link1= Jan Narveson|editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |year=2008 |publisher= [[SAGE Publishing|Sage]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location= Thousand Oaks, CA |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n174 |isbn= 978-1412965804 |oclc=750831024| lccn = 2008009151 |pages=288–289 }}</ref> and maintain that natural resources (land, oil, gold, trees) ought to be held in some [[egalitarian]] manner, either unowned or [[owned collectively]].<ref name="encyclolib"/> Those left-libertarians who support property do so under different property norms<ref>Schnack, William (13 November 2015). [https://c4ss.org/content/41572 "Panarchy Flourishes Under Geo-Mutualism"]. Center for a Stateless Society. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810111658/https://c4ss.org/content/41572|date=10 August 2018}}. Retrieved 10 August 2018.</ref><ref>Byas, Jason Lee (25 November 2015). [https://c4ss.org/content/41583 "The Moral Irrelevance of Rent"]. Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 21 March 2020.</ref><ref>Carson, Kevin (8 November 2015). [https://c4ss.org/content/40929 "Are We All Mutualists?"] Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 21 March 2020.</ref><ref>Gillis, William (29 November 2015). [https://c4ss.org/content/41653 "The Organic Emergence of Property from Reputation"]. Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</ref> and theories,<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Bylund|first=Per|year=2005|url=http://www.perbylund.com/academics_polsci_msc.pdf|title=Man and Matter: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Justification of Ownership in Land from the Basis of Self-Ownership|type=master's thesis|work=LUP Student Papers|publisher=Lund University|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Land-locked: A Critique of Carson on Property Rights|last=Long|first=Roderick T.|author-link=Roderick T. Long|volume=20|issue=1|year=2006|pages=87–95|journal=[[Journal of Libertarian Studies]]|url=https://mises.org/journals/jls/20_1/20_1_6.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Verhaegh|first=Marcus|year=2006|title=Rothbard as a Political Philosopher|url=https://mises.org/journals/jls/20_4/20_4_1.pdf|journal=Journal of Libertarian Studies|volume=20|issue=4|page=3}}</ref> or under the condition that recompense is offered to the [[Local community|local]] or [[global community]].<ref name="encyclolib"/>

Related terms include ''[[egalitarian libertarianism]]'',<ref>Sundstrom, William A. (16 May 2002). [http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/submitted/sundstrom/Sundstrommanifesto.pdf "An Egalitarian-Libertarian Manifesto"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212045/http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/submitted/sundstrom/Sundstrommanifesto.pdf|date=29 October 2013}}.</ref><ref>Sullivan, Mark A. (July 2003). "Why the Georgist Movement Has Not Succeeded: A Personal Response to the Question Raised by Warren J. Samuels". ''[[American Journal of Economics and Sociology]]''. '''62''' (3): 612.</ref> ''[[left-wing libertarianism]]'',<ref name="Spitz">{{cite journal|url=https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_RAI_023_0023--left-wing-libertarianism-equality-based.htm|title=Left-wing libertarianism: equality based on self-ownership|last=Spitz|first=Jean-Fabien|journal=Raisons Politiques|date=March 2006|volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=23–46 |doi=10.3917/rai.023.0023 |access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> ''[[libertarianism]]'',<ref>Bookchin, Murray (January 1986). [https://social-ecology.org/wp/1986/01/the-greening-of-politics-toward-a-new-kind-of-political-practice/ "The Greening of Politics: Toward a New Kind of Political Practice"]. ''Green Perspectives: Newsletter of the Green Program Project'' (1).</ref> ''[[libertarian socialism]]'',<ref name="Bookchin & Biehl 1997 p. 170">Bookchin, Murray; Biehl, Janet (1997). ''The Murray Bookchin Reader''. New York: Cassell. p. 170.</ref><ref name="Long 2012 p. 223">Long, Roderick T. (2012). "The Rise of Social Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy''. p. 223.</ref> ''[[social libertarianism]]''<ref>Grunberg, Gérard; Schweisguth, Etienne; Boy, Daniel; [[Nonna Mayer|Mayer, Nonna]], eds. (1993). ''The French Voter Decides''. "Social Libertarianism and Economic Liberalism". University of Michigan Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IB2siz9e8AUC&dq=social+libertarianism&pg=PA45 p. 45]. {{ISBN|978-0-472-10438-3}}</ref> and ''[[socialist libertarianism]]''.<ref name="Carlson 2012 pp. 1006–1007">Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilbur R. ''The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia''. Sage Publications. pp. 1006–1007.</ref> Left-libertarianism can refer generally to these related and overlapping schools of thought:
* [[Anti-authoritarian]] varieties of [[left-wing politics]], in particular within the [[socialist movement]], usually known as libertarian socialism.<ref name="Bookchin & Biehl 1997 p. 170"/><ref name="Long 2012 p. 223"/>
* [[Geolibertarianism]], an American synthesis of [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarianism]] and [[Georgism]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Foldvart|first=Fred E.|url=http://www.progress.org/archive/fold251.htm|url-status=dead|title=Geoism and Libertarianism|work=The Progress Report|publisher=Progress.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104040047/http://www.progress.org/archive/fold251.htm|archive-date=4 November 2012|access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref><ref>DeCoster, Karen (19 April 2006). [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/decoster/henry-george-tariff.html "Henry George and the Tariff Question"]. [[LewRockwell.com]]. Retrieved 23 September 2020.</ref>
* [[Left-wing market anarchism]], stressing the socially transformative potential of non-aggression and [[anti-capitalist]] freed markets.<ref>Sheldon Richman (3 February 2011). [http://www.theamericanconservative.com/blog/libertarian-left/ "Libertarian Left: Free-market anti-capitalism, the unknown ideal"]. ''The American Conservative''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610075037/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/libertarian-left/|date=10 June 2019}}. Retrieved 5 March 2012.</ref><ref>Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). ''Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty''. Brooklyn: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp. 1–11. {{ISBN|978-1570272424}}.</ref>
* [[Steiner–Vallentyne school]], named after [[Hillel Steiner]] and [[Peter Vallentyne]], whose proponents draw conclusions from classical liberal or market liberal premises.<ref>{{cite book|author=Will Kymlicka |chapter=libertarianism, left-|editor=Ted Honderich |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |year=2005 }}</ref>