Editing Hyksos (section)

==Legacy==
[[File:Four Foreign Chieftains, Tomb of Puyemre MET DT10871.jpg|thumb|"Four Foreign Chieftains" from tomb [[TT39]] (Metropolitan Museum of Art, MET DT10871). Ca. 1479–1458 BC]]
[[File:Block from a Relief Depicting a Battle MET 213 S3BR2 01GG.jpg|thumb|Egyptian relief depicting a battle against West Asiatics. Reign of [[Amenhotep II]], Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1427–1400 BC.]]
The Hyksos' rule continued to be condemned by [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] pharaohs such as [[Hatshepsut]], who, 80 years after their defeat, claimed to rebuild many shrines and temples which they had neglected.{{sfn|Bietak|1999|p=379}}

[[Ramses II]] moved Egypt's capital to the Delta, building [[Pi-Ramesses]] near the site of Avaris,{{sfn|Morenz|Popko|2010|p=102}} where he set up [[Year 400 Stela|a stela marking the 400th anniversary of the cult of Set]]. Scholars used to suggest that this marked 400 years since the Hyksos had established their rule, however the lists of Ramesses' ancestors continued to omit the Hyksos and there is no evidence that they were honored during his reign.{{sfn|Van de Mieroop|2011|pp=162–163}} The Turin King List, which includes the Hyksos and all other disputed or disgraced former rulers of Egypt, appears to date from the reign of Ramesses or one of his successors.{{sfn|Ryholt|2004|p=138}} The Hyksos are marked as foreign kings via a throw-stick determinative rather than a divine determinative after their names, and the use of the title {{lang|egy|ḥqꜣ-ḫꜣswt|italics=yes}} rather than the usual royal title.{{sfn|Ryholt|2004|pp=142–143}} [[Kim Ryholt]] notes that these measures are unique to the Hyksos rulers and "may therefore have been a direct result of what seems to have been deliberate attempt to obliterate the memory of their kingship after their defeat."{{sfn|Ryholt|2004|p=143}}

===Egyptian presence in the Levant===
It is "often accepted" that Egypt established an empire in Canaan at the end of the wars against the Hyksos.{{sfn|Höflmayer|2015|p=191}} Campaigns against locations in Canaan and Syria were conducted by [[Ahmose I]] and [[Thutmose I]] at the beginning of the [[Eighteenth Dynasty]], as recorded in the tombs of [[Ahmose, son of Ebana]] and [[Autobiography of Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet|Ahmose pen-Nekhebet]]; Thutmose I is also mentioned as having hunted elephants in Syria in inscriptions at the temple of [[Hatshepsut]] at [[Deir el-Bahari]].{{sfn|Höflmayer|2015|pp=195–196}} [[Thutmose III]] is known to have campaigned widely, conquering the ''"[[Shasu]]"'' [[Bedouins]] of northern [[Canaan]], and the land of [[Retjenu]], as far as [[Syria]] and [[Mittani]] in numerous military campaigns circa 1450 BC.{{sfn|Gabriel|2009|p=204}}{{sfn|Allen|2000|page=299}} However, Felix Höflmayer argues that there is little evidence of other campaigns and that "there is no evidence that would suggest such a scenario" as an Egyptian empire during the Eighteenth Dynasty.{{sfn|Höflmayer|2015|p=202}} As regards claims that the campaigns in the Near East were spurred on by Hyksos rule, Thomas Schneider argues that "the empire building started with a delay of two generations and seeing a direct nexus may be as much a historical fallacy as it would be to link the fall of the Soviet Union in [1991] to the end of the Second World War in 1945, two generations earlier."{{sfn|Schneider|2018|p=78}}

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Syrians bringing presents in the tomb of Rekhmire (actual).jpg
| image2 = Syrians bringing presents in the tomb of Rekhmire.jpg
| footer = ''"[[Retjenu]]"'' Syrians bringing tribute to [[Tuthmosis III]], in the tomb of [[Rekhmire]], c. 1450 BC (actual painting and interpretive drawing). They are labeled "Chiefs of Retjenu".<ref>{{harvnb |Hawass|Vannini |2009|p=120|ps=. "The foreigners of the fourth register, with long hairstyles and calf-length fringed robes, are labeled Chiefs of Retjenu, the ancient name tor the Syrian region. Like the Nubians, they come with animals, in this case horses, an elephant, and a bear; they also offer weapons and vessels most likely filled with precious substance."}}</ref>{{sfn|Zakrzewski|Shortland|Rowland|2015|p=268}}
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===Later accounts===
[[File:Ramses-ii-relief-from-memphis2.png|thumb|A relief of [[Ramses II]] from [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] showing him capturing enemies: a Nubian, a Libyan and a Syrian, c. 1250 BC. [[Cairo Museum]].{{sfn|Richardson|2013|p=14}}]]
The Nineteenth-Dynasty story ''The Quarrel of Apophis and Seqenenre'' claimed that the Hyksos worshiped no god but [[Set (god)|Set]], making the conflict into one between [[Ra]], the patron of Thebes, and Set as patron of Avaris.{{sfn|Van de Mieroop|2011|p=163}} Furthermore, the battle with the Hyksos was interpreted in light of the mythical battle between the gods [[Horus]] and Set, transforming Set into an Asiatic deity while also allowing for the integration of Asiatics into Egyptian society.{{sfn|Assmann|2003|pp=199–200}}

Manetho's portrayal of the Hyksos, written nearly 1300 years after the end of Hyksos rule and found in Josephus, is even more negative than the New Kingdom sources.{{sfn|Bietak|1999|p=379}} This account portrayed the Hyksos "as violent conquerors and oppressors of Egypt" has been highly influential for perceptions of the Hyksos until modern times.{{sfn|Van de Mieroop|2011|p=164}} [[Marc van de Mieroop]] argues that Josephus's portrayal of the initial Hyksos invasion is no more trustworthy than his later claims that they were related to [[the Exodus]], supposedly portrayed in Manetho as performed by a band of lepers.{{sfn|Van de Mieroop|2011|pp=164–165}}

===Early modern depictions===
The discovery of the Hyksos in the 19th century, and their study following the [[decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts]], led to various theories about their history, origin, ethnicity and appearance, often illustrated with picturesque and imaginative details.

<gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="4">
File:Hyksos invasion as imagined in the 19th century by Hermann Vogel.jpg|Hyksos invasion as imagined in the 19th century by Hermann Vogel (19th century)
File:Egypt - The Expulsion of the Hyksos.png|''The Expulsion of the Hyksos'' (1906)
</gallery>