Editing History of medicine (section)

==== Institutions ====
At the [[University of Bologna]] the curriculum was revised and strengthened in 1560–1590.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lines DA | year = 2012 | title = Reorganizing the Curriculum: Teaching and Learning in the University of Bologna, c. 1560–1590 | journal = History of Universities | volume = 25 | issue = 2| pages = 1–59 }}</ref> The representative professor was [[Julius Caesar Aranzi]] (Arantius) (1530–1589). He became Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the University of Bologna in 1556, where he established anatomy as a major branch of medicine for the first time. Aranzi combined anatomy with a description of pathological processes, based largely on his own research, Galen, and the work of his contemporary Italians. Aranzi discovered the 'Nodules of Aranzio' in the semilunar valves of the heart and wrote the first description of the superior levator palpebral and the coracobrachialis muscles. His books (in Latin) covered surgical techniques for many conditions, including [[hydrocephalus]], [[nasal polyp]], [[goitre]] and [[tumor|tumours]] to [[phimosis]], [[ascites]], [[hemorrhoid|haemorrhoids]], [[anorectal abscess|anal abscess]] and [[fistula]]e.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gurunluoglu R, Shafighi M, Gurunluoglu A, Cavdar S | title = Giulio Cesare Aranzio (Arantius) (1530–89) in the pageant of anatomy and surgery | journal = Journal of Medical Biography | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 63–69 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21558532 | doi = 10.1258/jmb.2010.010049 | s2cid = 10833758 }}</ref>