Editing History of Peru (section)

===Aristocratic Republic (1895–1919)===
{{main|Aristocratic Republic (Peru)}}
With de Piérola elected president of Peru, the country began its period known as the ''Aristocratic Republic'' ({{langx|es|República Aristocrática}}), owing its name to the fact that most of the presidents that ruled the country during this period were from the country's social elite.

Economic dependence on English and American capitalism was accentuated and new economic activities were developed: agro-export (sugar and cotton), rubber extraction and oil extraction. However, the country did not industrialize due to the fact that a purely [[Economism|economistic]] development perspective was formed through a [[rentier state|rentier]] and [[Primary sector of the economy|primary exporter]] state, which increased discrimination and exploitation of indigenous peoples through ''Correríos'', ''Yanaconajes'' and ''Enganches''. One such example was the [[Putumayo genocide]], which took place during the [[Amazon rubber boom]]. The discomfort of the popular classes was manifested in the emergence of the anarcho-syndicalist labor movement and the outbreak of strikes.

This period of history soon saw its first conflicts, with its first one taking place in 1896. Separatists in Loreto [[Loretan Insurrection of 1896|revolted against the government]], seceded from Peru, and established the short lived [[Federal State of Loreto]]. The government's response was to send troops to the area in order to suppress the insurrection, which was accomplished. A couple of years later, Colonel and Prefect of Loreto Emilio Vizcarra seceded from Peru and proclaimed the [[Jungle Nation|Jungle Republic]], an unrecognized secessionist state whose declared borders coincided with those of the Loreto Department, at the time composed of the modern departments of [[Department of Loreto|Loreto]], [[Department of San Martín|San Martín]], and [[Department of Ucayali|Ucayali]]. President [[Eduardo López de Romaña]] immediately sent troops to deal with the situation and the state ceased to exist in 1900.<ref name="region">{{Cite web |title=Loreto: ¿Estado Federal o República |url=https://diariolaregion.com/web/loreto-estado-federal-o-republica/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028225813/https://diariolaregion.com/web/loreto-estado-federal-o-republica/ |archive-date=2021-10-28 |access-date= |website=diariolaregion.com |date=20 April 2015 |language=es}}</ref>

[[Salt Tax Revolt (Peru)|Another conflict]] took place in [[Huanta]], as a result of reforms, that included the establishment of a salt tax and the ban on circulation of [[Boliviano (1864–1963)|Bolivian currency]] in the region. Among the participants of this conflict were veterans of previous conflicts, such as the Breña campaign and of the civil war of 1884–85.

====The twenty-four friends====
One group prevalent in the country's aristocracy was known as ''the twenty-four friends'' ({{langx|es|Los veinticuatro amigos}}), whose members were affiliated with the [[Civilista Party]]. Traditionally it is said that it was founded in a meeting on July 28, 1892. Most of the families that belonged to this group were rentiers, landowners, bankers, businessmen who produced sugar and cotton, newspaper owners, and renowned intellectuals and professionals who belonged to the [[Club Nacional (Peru)|National Club]], where they met weekly on Fridays. The members of the club were:<ref>{{Cite book |title=El Perú desde la intimidad. Epistolario de Manuel Candamo (1873-1904) |last=De la Puente Candamo |first=José Agustín |year=2008 |location=Lima |pages=48 |language=es}}</ref>

*{{ill|Francisco Rosas Balcázar|es}}, diplomat and politician, minister during the government of Manuel Pardo y Lavalle
*Luis Carranza: co-director of ''[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]]''.
*{{ill|Pedro Correa y Santiago|es}}, businessman and politician.
*José Antonio Miró Quesada: director and owner of ''El Comercio''.
*Louis Dubois.
*Narciso de Aramburú.
*[[Ernest Malinowski]], Polish engineer.
*Armando Velez.
*{{ill|Domingo Olavegoya Yriarte|es}}, businessman and landowner.
*[[Isaac Alzamora]], renowned lawyer.
*{{ill|Luis Felipe Villarán|es}}: lawyer and minister during the government of Manuel Candamo.
*[[Domingo M. Almenara Butler]].
*{{ill|Estanislao Pardo de Figueroa y de Águila|es}}: lawyer and politician.
*Pedro D. Gallagher Robertson-Gibbs: mining businessman, banker, president of the Chamber of Commerce.
*Ezequiel Álvarez-Calderón
*Manuel Álvarez-Calderón, businessman.
*Calixto Pfeiffer
*[[Carlos Ferreyros]], politician.
*{{ill|Enrique Barreda y Osma|es}}, businessman and politician.
*{{ill|Ántero Aspíllaga Barrera|es}}, businessman and politician.
*{{ill|Luis N. Bryce y de Vivero|es}}, businessman and politician.
*Alejandro Garland, businessman.
*Leonidas Cárdenas

Other characters that also would make up the select group were:
*{{ill|Felipe de Osma y Pardo|es}}
*[[Augusto B. Leguía]]
*{{ill|Felipe Pardo y Barreda|es}}
*[[Francisco Tudela y Varela]]
*[[Antonio Miró Quesada de la Guerra]]
*{{ill|José Pardo y Aliaga|es}}
*{{ill|Víctor Manuel Maúrtua|es}}

====Territorial disputes====
[[File:Intento de golpe de Estado en Perú de 1909.png|thumb|left|The [[Plaza Mayor, Lima|Main Square of Lima]] during the attempted coup of 1909.]]
[[Augusto B. Leguía]]'s first presidency took place during this period, during which he was faced with territorial disputes between all neighboring countries of Peru, of which only the Brazilian and [[Bolivian–Peruvian territorial dispute|Bolivian]] territorial disputes were solved on September 8 and [[Polo-Bustamante Treaty|17 September]], 1909, respectively. Skirmishes took place in 1910 with Ecuador and in 1911 with Colombia, the latter of which became known as the [[Battle of La Pedrera|La Pedrera conflict]]. Due to Chile's continuing [[Chilenization]] policies in Tacna and Arica, relations between both states were severed.

Leguía also had to face internal conflict, including an [[1909 Peruvian coup d'état attempt|attempted coup d'état]] in 1909, carried out by Nicolás de Piérola's brother Carlos with his children. Leguía separated from the Civilista Party, which split into two factions: those loyal to Pardo and those loyal to Leguía. In the last two years of his government, an acute economic crisis manifested itself, motivated by accelerated internal indebtedness, national defense expenses and the budget deficit.

[[Guillermo Billinghurst]] wanted to favor the working class, which earned him opposition from conservative elements. He had a tenacious struggle with Congress, dominated by ''civilistas'' and ''leguiistas'', his political enemies. It was then proposed to dissolve parliament and summon the people to carry out fundamental constitutional reforms, which provoked the military uprising of Colonel [[Óscar R. Benavides]], known as the ''hero of La Pedrera'', who overthrew Billinghurst on February 4, 1914.

After assuming control of the government, Benavides faced the monetary problem and promised to restore the legal order. In 1915 he convened a Convention of the civilist, liberal and constitutional parties, so that they could launch a unified candidacy. The chosen one was former president José Pardo y Barreda, of the Civilista Party, who overwhelmingly won the elections that year, defeating the symbolic candidacy of Carlos de Piérola, of the Democratic Party.

The second government of José Pardo was characterized by political and social violence, a symptom of the exhaustion of civil society and the world crisis. As a result of the [[First World War]], the economic condition of the working class worsened and the field was prepared for the development of trade union action. There were successive strikes that demanded the reduction of subsistence prices and the implementation of the "8-hour work" day; the latter was finally granted, by decree of January 15, 1919. In the southern Andes, the abuses of landowners and gamonales on the native and peasant population motivated many indigenous uprisings, such as the one led in 1915 by [[Teodomiro Gutiérrez Cuevas]], also known by his pseudonym ''Rumi Maqui''.

Pardo called for elections in 1919, in which former president Augusto B. Leguía ran, who faced the official candidacy represented by {{ill|Ántero Aspíllaga|es|Ántero Aspíllaga}}. The elections, which were not deemed very fair, declared Leguía the winner, but numerous votes were annulled in the official recount. Faced with the danger that the elections would be annulled and that they would be transferred to Congress, where the civilistas had a majority, Leguía and his supporters staged a coup, with the support of the gendarmerie, on July 4, 1919. Thus ended the "Aristocratic Republic" and began what would become Leguía's ''Oncenio''.