Editing History of Israel (section)

===Birth of Zionism===
{{Main|History of Zionism|Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem}}
Between 1882 and 1903, approximately 35,000 Jews moved to Palestine, known as the [[First Aliyah]].<ref name="omalley"/> In the Russian Empire, Jews faced growing [[History of zionism#Persecution of the Jews in the Russian Empire|persecution and legal restrictions]]. Half the world's Jews lived in the Russian Empire, where they were restricted to living in the [[Pale of Settlement]]. [[Pogroms in the Russian Empire|Severe pogroms in the early 1880s]] and [[May Laws|legal repression]] led to 2 million Jews emigrating from the Russian Empire. 1.5 million went to the United States. Popular destinations were also Germany, France, England, Holland, Argentina and Palestine.<ref>[[Alan Dowty]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=HR7UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71 ''Arabs and Jews in Ottoman Palestine: Two Worlds Collide,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231025958/https://books.google.com/books?id=HR7UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71 |date=31 December 2021 }} [[Indiana University Press]],{{isbn|978-0-253-03867-8}} 2019 p69-73, p.71.</ref><ref>Oleg Budnitskii, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dLdhSUZI-AYC&pg=PA18 ''Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites, 1917-1920,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231025953/https://books.google.com/books?id=dLdhSUZI-AYC&pg=PA18 |date=31 December 2021 }} [[University of Pennsylvania Press]],{{isbn|978-0-812-20814-6}} 2012, pp. 17–18.</ref>

Russian Jews established the [[Bilu (movement)|Bilu]] and [[Hovevei Zion]] ("Lovers of Zion") movements with the aim of settling in Palestine. In 1878, Russian Jewish emigrants established the village of [[Petah Tikva]] ("The Beginning of Hope"), followed by [[Rishon LeZion]] ("First to Zion") in 1882. The existing Ashkenazi-Jewish communities were concentrated in the [[Four Holy Cities]], extremely poor and relied on donations ([[halukka]]) from groups abroad, while the new settlements were small farming communities, but still relied on funding by the French Baron, [[Edmond James de Rothschild]], who sought to establish profitable enterprises. Many early migrants could not find work and left, but despite the problems, more settlements arose and the community grew. After the Ottoman conquest of Yemen in 1881, a large number of [[Yemenite Jews]] also emigrated to Palestine, often driven by [[Messianism]].<ref>Bat-Zion Eraqi Klorman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mY-fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 ''Traditional Society in Transition: The Yemeni Jewish Experience,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231030001/https://books.google.com/books?id=mY-fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 |date=31 December 2021 }} [[Brill Publishers|BRILL]], {{isbn|978-9-004-27291-0}}, 2014, pp. 89f.</ref>

In 1896 [[Theodor Herzl]] published ''[[Der Judenstaat]]'' (''The Jewish State''), in which he asserted that the solution to growing [[antisemitism]] in Europe (the so-called "[[Jewish Question]]") was to establish a Jewish state. In 1897, the [[World Zionist Organization]] was founded and the [[First Zionist Congress]] proclaimed its aim "to establish a home for the Jewish people in Palestine secured under public law."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2004/7/Herzl+and+Zionism.htm |title=Herzl and Zionism |date=20 July 2004 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=5 December 2012 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031123113/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2004/7/Herzl+and+Zionism.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Congress chose [[Hatikvah]] ("The Hope") as its anthem.

Between 1904 and 1914, around 40,000 Jews settled in the area now known as Israel (the [[Second Aliyah]]). In 1908 the World Zionist Organization set up the Palestine Bureau (also known as the "Eretz Israel Office") in Jaffa and began to adopt a systematic Jewish settlement policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shavit |first=Yaacov |title=Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&dq=Dr.+Arthur+Ruppin%2C+head+of+the+Palestine+office+of+the+World+Zionist+Organization+established+in+1908%2C+explained+that&pg=PA7 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |page=7 |isbn=9780253223579}}</ref> In 1909 residents of Jaffa bought land outside the city walls and built the first entirely Hebrew-speaking town, [[Ahuzat Bayit]] (later renamed [[Tel Aviv]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Azaryahu |first=Maoz |chapter=Tel Aviv's Birthdays: Anniversary Celebrations, 1929–1959 |page=31 |title=Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities |editor-last1=Azaryahu |editor-first1=Maoz |editor-first2=Selwyn |editor-last2=Ilan Troen |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |url={{GBurl|yLQrEPLDkGAC|page=31}} |isbn=9780253223579}}</ref>

In 1915-1916 [[Talaat Pasha]] of the [[Young Turks]] forced around a million Armenian Christians from their homes in Eastern Turkey, marching them south through Syria, in what is now known as the [[Armenian genocide]]. The number of dead is thought to be around 700,000. Hundreds of thousands were forcibly converted to Islam.  A community of survivors settled in Jerusalem, one of whom developed the now [[Armenian ceramics in Jerusalem|iconic Armenian pottery]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-1918-the-art-of-an-armenian-genocide-survivor-changed-jerusalem-forever/ | title=In 1918, the art of an Armenian genocide survivor changed Jerusalem forever | website=[[The Times of Israel]] | access-date=20 November 2022 | archive-date=13 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813190926/https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-1918-the-art-of-an-armenian-genocide-survivor-changed-jerusalem-forever/ | url-status=live }}</ref>