Editing History of Germany (section)

===Science===
[[File:Albrecht Dürer - The Northern Hemisphere of the Celestial Globe - WGA7195.jpg|thumb|upright|The Northern Hemisphere of the Celestial Globe created by Albrecht Dürer]]
Notable late fifteenth to early eighteenth-century [[polymath]]s include: [[Johannes Trithemius]], one of the founder of modern cryptography, founder of [[steganography]], as well as [[bibliography]] and literary studies as branches of knowledge;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holden |first=Joshua |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3SYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 |title=The Mathematics of Secrets: Cryptography from Caesar Ciphers to Digital Encryption |date=2 October 2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-6911-8331-2 |language=en |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rodriquez |first1=Mercedes Garcia-Arenal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYSQWmuaLLgC&pg=PA383 |title=The Orient in Spain: Converted Muslims, the Forged Lead Books of Granada, and the Rise of Orientalism |last2=Mediano |first2=Fernando Rodríguez |date=15 April 2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9-0042-5029-1 |page=383 |language=en |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zambelli |first=Paola |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tp6PhNsz43EC&pg=PA251 |title=White Magic, Black Magic in the European Renaissance |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9-0041-6098-9 |page=251 |language=en |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> [[Conrad Celtes]], the first and foremost German cartographic writer and "the greatest lyric genius and certainly the greatest organizer and popularizer of German Humanism";<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eire |first=Carlos M. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3g8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |title=Reformations: The Early Modern World, 1450–1650 |date=28 June 2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-3002-2068-1 |page=223 |language=en |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kallendorf |first=Craig W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HqrdIi7DZRcC&pg=PA174 |title=A Companion to the Classical Tradition |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-7202-8 |page=174 |language=en |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="GermanicReview">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIzjO6GiGeIC |title=The Germanic Review |date=1951 |publisher=Heldref Publications |page=148 |language=en |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Piechocki |first=Katharina N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6A5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |title=Cartographic Humanism: The Making of Early Modern Europe |date=13 September 2021 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-2268-1681-4 |page=26 |language=en |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> [[Athanasius Kircher]], described by Fletcher as "a founder figure of various disciplines—of geology (certainly vulcanology), musicology (as a surveyor of musical forms), museum curatorship, Coptology, to name a few—and might be claimed today as the first theorist of gravity and a long-term originator of the moving pictures (with his magic lantern shows). Through his many enthusiasms, moreover, he was the conduit of others' pursuits in the rapidly widening horizon of knowledge that marks the later Renaissance.";<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fletcher |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeR5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR21 |title=A Study of the Life and Works of Athanasius Kircher, 'Germanus Incredibilis': With a Selection of his Unpublished Correspondence and an Annotated Translation of his Autobiography |date=26 August 2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9-0042-1632-7 |page=21 |language=en |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> and [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]], one of the greatest, if not the greatest "Universal genius", of all times.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Claes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTjpb329P-4C&pg=PA68 |title=Many Minds Relativity |date=2011 |publisher=Claes Johnson |page=68 |language=en |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Blumenau |first=Ralph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yq-7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA236 |title=Philosophy and Living |date=30 April 2014 |publisher=Andrews UK Limited |isbn=978-1-8454-0649-3 |page=236 |language=en |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>

Cartography developed strongly, with the center being Nuremberg, at the beginning of the sixteenth century. [[Martin Waldseemüller]] and [[Matthias Ringmann]]'s ''[[Waldseemüller map|Universalis Cosmographia]]'' and the 1513 edition of ''Geography'' marked the climax of a cartography revolution.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kleinschmidt |first=Harald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlwDcFHzds0C&pg=PA260 |title=Understanding the Middle Ages: The Transformation of Ideas and Attitudes in the Medieval World |date=2000 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-0-8511-5770-2 |language=en |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029084854/https://books.google.com/books?id=JlwDcFHzds0C&pg=PA260 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cortesão |first=Armando |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gg8-AQAAIAAJ |title=History of Portuguese Cartography |date=1969 |publisher=Junta de Investigações do Ultramar |page=124 |language=en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> The emperor himself dabbled in cartography.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buisseret |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYSSDdDRr-cC&pg=PA54 |title=The Mapmakers' Quest: Depicting New Worlds in Renaissance Europe |date=22 May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-1915-0090-9 |page=54 |language=en |access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref>

In 1515, [[Johannes Stabius]] (court astronomer under Maximilian I), [[Albrecht Dürer]] and the astronomer [[:de:Konrad Heinfogel|Konrad Heinfogel]] produced the first planispheres of both southern and northerns hemispheres, also the first printed celestial maps. These maps prompted the revival of interest in the field of uranometry throughout Europe.{{Sfn|Noflatscher|2011|p=245}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lachièze-Rey |first1=Marc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZFXiNn62ZEC&pg=PA86 |title=Celestial Treasury: From the Music of the Spheres to the Conquest of Space |last2=Luminet |first2=Jean-Pierre |last3=France |first3=Bibliothèque nationale de |date=16 July 2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5218-0040-2 |page=86 |language=en |access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nothaft |first=C. Philipp E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dz5MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA278 |title=Scandalous Error: Calendar Reform and Calendrical Astronomy in Medieval Europe |date=9 February 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1925-2018-0 |page=278 |language=en |access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hayton|2015|p=92}}

Astronomer [[Johannes Kepler]] from [[Weil der Stadt]] was one of the pioneering minds of empirical and rational research. Through rigorous application of the principles of the [[Scientific method]] he construed his [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion|laws of planetary motion]]. His ideas influenced contemporary Italian scientist [[Galileo Galilei]] and provided fundamental mechanical principles for [[Isaac Newton]]'s theory of [[Newton's law of universal gravitation|universal gravitation]].<ref>Stillman Drake, "Copernicanism in Bruno, Kepler, and Galileo." ''Vistas in Astronomy'' 17 (1975): 177–192 [http://eccoprogram.it/wp-content/uploads/DRAKE-1975-Copernicanism-in-Bruno-Kepler-and-Galileo.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015170120/http://eccoprogram.it/wp-content/uploads/DRAKE-1975-Copernicanism-in-Bruno-Kepler-and-Galileo.pdf |date=15 October 2021 }}.</ref>

{{Gallery
|title= Scientists, scholars and artists of the Early modern period in Germany
|align=center
|width=130
|File:JKepler.jpg|[[Johannes Kepler]], one of the founders and fathers of modern [[astronomy]], the [[scientific method]], [[Natural science|natural]] and [[modern science]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/milestones/greatinventors/johanneskepler/index.html | title=DPMA &#124; Johannes Kepler }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/kepler/education/johannes |title=Johannes Kepler: His Life, His Laws and Times &#124; NASA |access-date=1 September 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624003856/https://www.nasa.gov/kepler/education/johannes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/kepler.html | title=Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You – Timeline – Johannes Kepler }}</ref>
|File:Anselmus-van-Hulle-Hommes-illustres MG 0539.tif|[[Otto von Guericke]], scientist, inventor and politician, famous for demonstrating the power of atmospheric pressure with the [[Magdeburg hemispheres]]
|File:1636 Elisabeth of Bohemia.jpg|[[Elisabeth of the Palatinate]], philosopher, critic of [[René Descartes]]' dualistic metaphysics
|File:Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen.jpeg|[[Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen]], author of the novel ''[[Simplicius Simplicissimus]]''
|File:Athanasius Kircher (cropped).jpg|[[Athanasius Kircher]], polymath
|File:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Bernhard Christoph Francke.jpg|[[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]], philosopher and mathematician
|File:Tschirnhaus.jpg|[[Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus]], mathematician, physicist, physician, philosopher, co-inventor of European porcelain
}}