Editing History of Armenia (section)

=== Paris Peace Conference ===
{{External media|image1=[https://i.imgur.com/15Zq8pv.jpg Map of Armenia, as proposed at Paris Peace Conference]|title=}}
At [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] in 1919 it was proposed to create large ({{convert|127491|sqmi|km2|abbr=on|disp=or|order=flip}}) Armenian state, including the territory of former [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] with total population of 4.3&nbsp;million, 2.5&nbsp;million of which would be Armenians.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/armenianquestion00pari|title=The Armenian question before the Peace conference|last=Paris. Peace conference|first=1919 Armenia [from old catalog|date=1919|publisher=[New York, Press Bureau, The Armenian National Union of America|others=The Library of Congress}}</ref>

====Treaty of Sèvres====
[[File:Treaty of Sèvres 1920.svg|thumb|300px|The planned partition of the [[Ottoman Empire]] according to the superseded [[Treaty of Sèvres]] of 1920]]
[[File:Boundary between Turkey and Armenia as determined by Woodrow Wilson 1920.jpg|thumb|The proposed Armenian state created by the [[Treaty of Sèvres]]]]

The [[Treaty of Sèvres]] was signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at [[Sèvres]], [[France]], on 10 August 1920. The treaty included a clause on Armenia: it made all parties signing the treaty recognize Armenia as a free and independent state. The drawing of definite borders was, however, left to U.S. president [[Woodrow Wilson]] and the United States State Department, and was only presented to Armenia on 22 November 1920. The new borders gave Armenia access to the Black Sea and awarded large portions of the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire to the republic.<ref>{{Cite The Republic of Armenia Volume 4}}</ref>{{rp|40–44}}

The Treaty of Sèvres was signed by the Ottoman government, but Sultan [[Mehmed VI]] never signed it and thus never came into effect. The [[Turkish Revolutionaries]], led by [[Mustafa Kemal Pasha]], began the [[Turkish National Movement]] which, in opposing any territorial concessions to either the Greeks or the Armenians.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

====Turkish and Soviet Invasion====
{{one source|section|date=December 2015}}
[[File:Armenians fleeing Kars.jpg|right|thumb|Armenian civilians fleeing [[Kars]] after its capture by Turkish forces]]
{{further|Turkish–Armenian War}}
On 20 September 1920, Turkish nationalist militants invaded the region of [[Sarikamish]].<ref>Hovannisian. ''Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV'', pp. 184–97.<!-- publisher; ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref> In response, Armenia declared war on Turkey on 24 September and the [[Turkish invasion of Armenia (1920)]] began. In the regions of [[Oltu]], Sarikamish, [[Kars]], and [[Gyumri|Alexandropol]] (Gyumri), Armenian forces clashed with those of the Turkish armies. [[Mustafa Kemal Pasha]] had sent several delegations to Moscow in search of an alliance, where he had found a receptive response by the Soviet government, which started sending gold and weapons to the [[Turkish revolutionaries]], which would prove disastrous for the Armenians.<ref name="o108">{{cite book | last=Ayliffe | first=Rosie | title=The Rough Guide to Turkey | publisher=Rough Guides | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-84353-071-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbC6B1uMgSAC&pg=PA977 | access-date=23 September 2024 | page=977}}</ref>

Armenia gave way to [[communism|communist]] power in late 1920. In November 1920, the [[Turkish revolutionaries]] captured Alexandropol and were poised to move in on the capital. A cease fire was concluded on 18 November. Negotiations were then carried out between [[Kâzım Karabekir]] and a peace delegation led by [[Alexander Khatisian]] in Alexandropol; although Karabekir's terms were extremely harsh the Armenian delegation had little recourse but to agree to them. The [[Treaty of Alexandropol]] was signed on 3 December 1920, although the Armenian government had already fallen to the Soviets the day before.<ref>Hovannisian. ''Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV'', pp. 394–96.<!--publishing info needed--></ref>

[[File:11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg|thumb|Members of the Soviet [[11th Red Army]] marching down Yerevan's Abovyan Boulevard, effectively ending Armenian self-rule]]

As the terms of defeat were being negotiated, Bolshevik [[Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze]] invaded from Azerbaijan the First Republic of Armenia to establish a new pro-Bolshevik government in the country. The [[11th Red Army]] began its virtually unopposed advance into Armenia on 29 November 1920 at [[Ijevan]]. The actual transfer of power took place on 2 December 1920 in Yerevan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Armenia - Caucasus, Soviet Union, Genocide {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/Modern-Armenia |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Armenian leadership approved an ultimatum presented to it by the Soviet plenipotentiary [[Boris Legran]]. Armenia decided to join the Soviet sphere, while Soviet Russia agreed to protect its remaining territory from the advancing Turkish army. The Soviets also pledged to take steps to rebuild the army, protect the Armenians and to not pursue non-communist Armenians, although the final condition of this pledge was reneged when the Dashnaks were forced out of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Armenia by Vahan Kurkjian • Chapter 48 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/48*.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

On 5 December, the Armenian Revolutionary Committee (''[[Revkom]]'', made up of mostly Armenians from Azerbaijan) also entered the city.<ref>Hovannisian. ''Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV'', pp. 373ff.</ref> Finally, on the following day, 6 December, [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]]'s [[Cheka]] entered Yerevan, thus effectively ending the existence of the Democratic Republic of Armenia. At that point what was left of Armenia was under the influence of the [[Bolsheviks]].{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

Although the Bolsheviks succeeded in ousting the Turks from their positions in Armenia, they decided to establish peace with Turkey. In 1921, the Bolsheviks and the Turks signed the [[Treaty of Kars]], in which Turkey ceded [[Adjara]] to the USSR in exchange for the Kars territory (today the Turkish provinces of [[Kars Province|Kars]], [[Iğdır Province|Surmalu]], and [[Ardahan Province|Ardahan]]). The land given to Turkey included the ancient city of [[Ani]] and [[Mount Ararat]], the spiritual Armenian homeland. In 1922, the newly proclaimed [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]], under the leadership of [[Aleksandr Myasnikyan|Alexander Miasnikyan]], became part of the Soviet Union as one of three republics comprising the [[Transcaucasian SFSR]].<ref name=":3" />