Editing Hausa language (section)

==Morphology==

===Nouns===
Except for the [[Zaria]] and [[Bauchi]] dialects spoken south of [[Kano (city)|Kano]], Hausa distinguishes between masculine and feminine genders.<ref name=Caron2011/>

Hausa, like the rest of the [[Chadic languages]] in particular and [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic languages]] in general, is known for its complex, irregular pluralization of nouns. Noun plurals in Hausa are derived using a variety of morphological processes, such as suffixation, infixation, reduplication, or a combination of any of these processes. There are 20 plural classes proposed by Newman (2000).<ref>{{cite conference
|url=https://mguzmann89.gitlab.io/pdf/hausa-post.pdf
|title=Quantitative methods in African Linguistics – Predicting plurals in Hausa
|first1=Matías
|last1=Guzmán Naranjo
|first2=Laura
|last2=Becker
|conference=ACAL 48
|date=April 2017
|location=Indiana, U.S.
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Class !! Affix !! Singular (ex.) !! Plural (ex.) !! Gloss (ex.)
|-
! 1
| a-a || sirdì || sir'''à'''d'''a''' || 'saddle'
|-
! 2
| a-e || gulbi || gul'''à'''b'''e''' || 'stream'
|-
! 3
| a-u || kurmì || kur'''à'''m'''u''' || 'grove'
|-
! 4
| -aCe || wuri || wur'''à'''r'''e''' || 'place'
|-
! 5
| -ai || malàm || malàm'''ai''' || 'teacher'
|-
! 6
| -anni || watà || wàt'''ànni''' || 'moon'
|-
! 7
| -awa || talàkà || talak'''awa''' || 'commoner'
|-
! 8
| -aye || zomo || zom'''àye''' || 'hare'
|-
! 9
| -Ca || tabò || tab'''ba''' || 'scar'
|-
! 10
| -Cai || tudù || tùd'''dai''' || 'high ground'
|-
! 11
| -ce2 || ciwò || cìwà'''ce-cìwàce''' || 'illness'
|-
! 12
| -Cuna || cikì || cik'''kunà''' || 'belly'
|-
! 13
| -e2 || camfì || càmf'''e-càmfe''' || 'superstition'
|-
! 14
| -i || tàurarò || tàuràr'''i''' || 'star'
|-
! 15
| -oCi || tagà || tag'''ogi''' || 'window'
|-
! 16
| -u || kujèra || kùjèr'''u''' || 'chair'
|-
! 17
| u-a || cokàli || cok'''u'''l'''à''' || 'spoon'
|-
! 18
| -uka || layi || lay'''ukà''' || 'lane'
|-
! 19
| -una || rìga || rig'''unà''' || 'gown'
|-
! 20
| X2 || àkàwu || àkàwu-'''àkàwu''' || 'clerk'
|}

===Pronouns===
Hausa marks tense differences by different sets of subject pronouns, sometimes with the pronoun combined with some additional particle. For this reason, a subject pronoun must accompany every verb in Hausa, regardless of whether the subject is known from previous context or is expressed by a noun subject.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/hausa/hausa-online-grammar/verb-tense/ |title=Hausa Verb Tense – African Languages at UCLA |access-date=2021-05-07 |archive-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220446/http://aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/hausa/hausa-online-grammar/verb-tense/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thus Hausa is a [[non pro-drop language]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Time, aspect, and mood<ref>Bernard Caron. Hausa Grammatical Sketch. 2015. [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00647533/file/CARON_Hausa_SKETCH_2013-10-02.pdf Hausa Grammatical Sketch – HAL-SHS]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | 
! colspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="3" | 2nd person
! colspan="3" | 3rd person
! rowspan="3" | indef
|-
! rowspan="2" | singular
! rowspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! rowspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! rowspan="2" | plural
|-
! m
! f
! m
! f
|-
! rowspan="3"| perfect
!
| naː
| mun
| kaː
| kin
| kun
| jaː
| taː
| sun
| an
|-
! relative
| na
| mukà
| ka
| kikà
| kukà
| ja
| ta
| sukà
| akà
|-
! negative
| bàn ... ba
| bàmù ... ba
| bàkà ... ba
| bàkì ... ba
| bàkù ... ba
| bài ... ba
| bàtà ... ba
| bàsù ... ba
| bà’à ... ba
|-
! rowspan="4" | continuous
!
| inàː
| munàː
| kanàː
| kinàː
| kunàː
| janàː / ʃinàː
| tanàː
| sunàː
| anàː
|-
! relative
| nakèː / nikèː
| mukèː
| kakèː
| kikèː
| kukèː
| jakèː / ʃikèː
| takèː
| sukèː
| akèː
|-
! negative
| baː nàː
| baː màː
| baː kàː
| baː kjàː
| baː kwàː
| baː jàː
| baː tàː
| baː sàː
| baː àː
|-
! negative<br><small>(possessives)</small>
| bâː ni
| bâː mu
| bâː ka
| bâː ki
| bâː ku
| bâː ʃi
| bâː ta
| bâː su
| bâː a
|-
! rowspan="2" | subjunctive
!
| ìn
| mù
| kà
| kì
| kù
| jà
| tà
| sù
| à
|-
! negative
| kadà/kâr ìn
| kadà/kâr mù
| kadà/kâr kà
| kadà/kâr kì
| kadà/kâr kù
| kadà/kâr jà
| kadà/kâr tà
| kadà/kâr sù
| kadà/kâr à
|-
! rowspan="2" | future
!
| zân / zaː nì
| zaː mù
| zaː kà
| zaː kì
| zaː kù
| zâi / zaː jà
| zaː tà
| zaː sù
| zaː à
|-
! negative
| bà/bàː zân ... ba /<br />bà/bàː zaː nì ... ba
| bà/bàː zaː mù ... ba
| bà/bàː zaː kà ... ba
| bà/bàː zaː kì ... ba
| bà/bàː zaː kù ... ba
| bà/bàː zâi ...ba /<br />bà/bàː zaː jà ... ba
| bà/bàː zaː tà ... ba
| bà/bàː zaː sù ... ba
| bà/bàː zaː à ... ba
|-
! rowspan="2" | indefinite future
!
| nâː
| mâː/mwâː
| kâː
| kjâː
| kwâː
| jâː
| tâː
| sâː/swâː
| âː
|-
! negative
| bà nâː... ba
| bà mâː/mwâː ... ba
| bà kâː ... ba
| bà kjâː ... ba
| bà kwâː ... ba
| bà jâː ... ba
| bà tâː ... ba
| bà sâː/swâː ... ba
| bà âː ... ba
|-
! rowspan="2" | habitual
!
| nakàn
| mukàn
| kakàn
| kikàn
| kukàn
| jakàn
| takàn
| sukàn
| akàn
|-
! negative
| bà nakàn ... ba
| bà mukàn ... ba
| bà kakàn ... ba
| bà kikàn ... ba
| bà kukàn ... ba
| bà jakàn ... ba
| bà takàn ... ba
| bà sukàn ... ba
| bà akàn ... ba
|}

===Verbs===
Hausa [[verb]]s are classified into 7 grades and are inflected based on whether they are followed by an object.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/hausa/hausa-online-grammar/verb-forms/ |title=Hausa Verb Forms – African Languages at UCLA |access-date=2025-01-08}}</ref>

* '''Grade 1''': Example: ''kāmā̀'' (to take).

* '''Grade 2''': [[transitive verbs|transitive]] verbs that end in ''ā''. Example: ''sàyā'' (to buy).

* '''Grade 3''': [[intransitive verbs|intransitive]] verbs that end in ''a''. Example: ''shìga'' (to enter).

* '''Grade 4''': Example: ''riƙḕ'' (to hold).

* '''Grade 5''': Example: ''mayar̃'' (to put back).

* '''Grade 6''': verbs that end in ''o''. Example: ''kāwō'' (to bring).

* '''Grade 7''': verbs that end in ''u''. Example: ''kā̀mu'' (to get captured).