Editing Genitive case (section)

==Slavic languages==

With the exception of Bulgarian and Macedonian, all [[Slavic languages]] decline the nouns and adjectives in accordance with the genitive case using a variety of endings depending on the word's [[word class|lexical category]], its gender, number (singular or plural) and in some cases meaning. For instance, in Russian [[Broutona]] (lit. [[William Robert Broughton|Broughton]]'s) island name, its genitive/possessive case is created by adding ''a'' [[affix]] to the explorer's name.

===Possessives===
To indicate possession the ending of the noun indicating the possessor changes depending on the word's ending in the [[nominative case]]. 
For example, to ''a, u, i'', or ''y'' in [[Polish language|Polish]], ''а, я, ы'', or ''и'' in [[Russian language|Russian]], ''а, я, y, ю, і, и'' or ''ей'' in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], and similar cases in other Slavic languages.

:Nominative: (pol.) "Oto Anton" / (rus.) "Вот Антон" / (ukr.) "Ось Антон" ("Here is Anton").
:Genitive: (pol.) "Oto obiad Anton'''а'''" / (rus.) "Вот обед Антон'''а'''" / (ukr.) "Ось oбід Антон'''а'''" ("Here is Anton's lunch").

Possessives can also be formed by the construction (pol.) "u [subject] jest [object]" / (rus.) "У [subject] есть [object]"/ (ukr.) "у(в) [subject] є [object]"

:Nominative: (pol.) "Oto Anton" / (rus.) "Вот Антон" / (ukr.) "Ось Антон" ("Here is Anton").
:Genitive: (pol.) "u Anton'''а''' jest obiad / (rus.) "У Антон'''а''' есть обед" / (ukr.) "У(В) Антон'''а''' є обід" ("Anton has a lunch", literally: "(There) is a lunch at Anton's").

In sentences where the possessor includes an associated pronoun, the pronoun also changes:

:Nominative: (pol.) Oto mój brat / (rus.) "Вот мой брат"/ (ukr.) "От мій брат"  ("Here is my brother").
:Genitive: (pol.) "u moj'''ego''' brat'''а''' jest obiad / (rus.) "У мо'''его''' брат'''а''' есть обед" / (ukr.) "У мо'''го''' брат'''а''' є обід"  ("My brother has a lunch", literally: "(There) is a lunch at my_brother's").

And in sentences denoting negative possession, the ending of the object noun also changes:

:Nominative: (pol.) "Oto Irena/Kornelia" / (rus.) "Вот Ирена/Корнелия" / (ukr.) "От Ірена/Корнелія"  ("Here is Irene/Kornelia").
:Genitive: (pol.) "Irena/Kornelia nie ma obiad'''u''' ("Irene/Kornelia does not have a lunch") or (pol.) "u Iren'''y'''/Korneli'''i''' nie ma obiad'''u''' ("(There) is no lunch at Irene's/Kornelia's") 
The Polish phrase "nie ma [object]" can work both as a negation of having [object] or a negation of an existence of [object], 
but the meaning of the two sentences and its structure is different. (In the first case [subject] is Irene, and in the second case [subject] is virtual, it is "the space" at Irene's place, not Irene herself)
:Genitive: (rus.) "У Ирен'''ы'''/Корнели'''и''' нет обед'''а'''" ("Irene/Kornelia does not have a lunch", literally: "(There) is no lunch at Irene's/Kornelia's"). 
The Russian word "нет" is a contraction of "не" + "есть". 
In Russian there is no distinction between [subject] not having an [object] and [object] not being present at [subject]'s.<!-- WRONG. "Ирина не имеет обеда" can be used as well -->
:Genitive: (ukr.) "Ірена/Корнелія не має обід'''у''' ("Irene does not have a lunch") or (ukr.) "y Ірен'''и'''/Корнелі'''ї''' нема(є) обід'''у''' ("At Irene's does not have a lunch") 
Note the difference  between the  spelling "не має [object]" and "нема(є) [object]" in both cases.

===To express negation===
The genitive case is also used in sentences expressing negation, even when no possessive relationship is involved. The ending of the subject noun changes just as it does in possessive sentences. The genitive, in this sense, can only be used to negate nominative, accusative and genitive sentences, and not other cases.

:Nominative: (pol.) "(Czy) Maria jest w domu?" / (rus.) "Мария дома?" / (Чи) Марія (є) вдома? ("Is Maria at home?").
:Genitive: (pol.) "Mari'''i''' nie ma w domu" ("Maria is not at home", literally: "[virtual subject] has no Maria at home")
:Genitive: (rus.) "Мари'''и''' нет дома" ("Maria is not at home", literally: "Of Maria there is none at home.").
:Genitive: (ukr.) "Марі'''ї''' нема(є) вдома" ("Maria is not at home", literally: "[virtual subject] has no Maria at home.")

:Accusative: (pol.) "Mogę rozczytać twoje pismo" / (rus.) Могу (про)читать твой почерк / (ukr.) Можу (про)читати твій почерк ("I can read your handwriting")
:Genitive: (pol.) "Nie mogę rozczytać twoj'''ego''' pism'''a'''" / (rus.) "Не могу (про)читать тво'''его''' почерк'''а'''" / (ukr.) "Не можу (про)читати тво'''го''' почерк'''у'''" ("I can't read your handwriting")

Use of genitive for negation is obligatory in [[Slovene language|Slovene]], [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[Old Church Slavonic]]. Some East Slavic languages ( e.g. [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]) employ either the accusative or genitive for negation, although the genitive is more commonly used. In [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]] and [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]], negating with the genitive case is perceived as rather archaic and the accusative is preferred, but genitive negation in these languages is still not uncommon, especially in music and literature.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/11298/1/salt_17_kagan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719195031/http://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/11298/1/salt_17_kagan.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-19 |url-status=live |title=Property-Denoting NPs and Non-Canonical Genitive Case |author=Olga Kagan  |publisher=CLC Publications, Cornell University |journal=Proceedings of the 17th Semantics and Linguistic Theory Conference |year=2007 |access-date=January 27, 2013}}</ref>

===Partial direct object===
The genitive case is used with some verbs and [[mass noun]]s to indicate that the action covers only a part of the direct object (having a function of non-existing partitive case), whereas similar constructions using the [[Accusative case]] denote full coverage. Compare the sentences:

:Genitive: (pol.) "Napiłem się wod'''y'''" / (rus.) "Я напился вод'''ы'''" / (ukr.) "Я напився вод'''и'''" ("I drank water," i.e. "I drank some water, part of the water available")
:Accusative: (pol.) "Wypiłem wod'''ę'''" / (rus.) "Я выпил вод'''у''' / (ukr.) "Я випив вод'''у'''  ("I drank '''the''' water," i.e. "I drank all the water, all the water in question")

In Russian, special [[partitive case]] or sub-case is observed for some uncountable nouns which in some contexts have preferred alternative form on -у/ю instead of standard genitive on -а/я: выпил ча'''ю''' ('drank some tea'), but сорта ча'''я''' ('sorts of tea').

===Prepositional constructions===
The genitive case is also used in many prepositional constructions. (Usually when some movement or change of state is involved, and when describing the source / destination of the movement. Sometimes also when describing the manner of acting.) 
*Czech prepositions using genitive case: od (from), z, ze (from), do (into), bez (without), kromě (excepting), místo (instead of), podle (after, according to), podél (along), okolo (around), u (near, by), vedle (beside), během (during), pomocí (using, by the help of), stran (as regards) etc.
*Polish prepositions using genitive case: od (from), z, ze (from), do, w (into), na (onto), bez (without), zamiast (instead of), wedle (after, according to), wzdłuż (along), około (around), u (near, by), koło (beside), podczas (during), etc.
*Russian prepositions using genitive case: от (from), с, со (from), до (before, up to), без (without), кроме (excepting), вместо (instead of), после (after), вдоль (along), около (around), у (near, by), во время (during), насчёт (regarding), etc.