Editing Frank Lloyd Wright (section)

==Legacy==
===Death===
[[File:Original grave of Frank Lloyd Wright (1869–1959) at Unity Chapel near Taliesin, Wyoming, Wisconsin 1.jpg|thumb|Wright's original grave at [[Unity Chapel]] Cemetery, in [[Wyoming, Iowa County, Wisconsin|Wyoming, Wisconsin]]]]

On April 4, 1959, Wright was hospitalized for abdominal pains and was operated upon. Wright seemed to be recovering but he died quietly on April 9 at the age of 91 years. ''The New York Times'' then reported he was 89.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/04/10/archives/frank-lloyd-wright-dies-famed-architect-was-89-leader-in-modern-u-s.html |title=Frank Lloyd Wright Dies; Famed Architect Was 89|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 10, 1959 |access-date=April 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>Huxtable, p. 245</ref>

After his death, Wright's legacy was engulfed in turmoil for years. His third wife Olgivanna's dying wish had been that she, Wright, and her daughter by her first marriage would all be cremated and interred together in a memorial garden being built at [[Taliesin West]]. According to his own wishes, Wright's body had lain in the Lloyd-Jones cemetery, next to the Unity Chapel, within view of Taliesin in Wisconsin. Although Olgivanna had taken no legal steps to move Wright's remains (and against the wishes of other family members and the Wisconsin legislature), his remains were removed from his grave in 1985 by members of the Taliesin Fellowship. They were cremated and sent to Scottsdale where they were later interred as per Olgivanna's instructions. The original grave site in Wisconsin is now empty but is still marked with Wright's name.<ref>Secrest, p. 213</ref>

===Archives===
[[File:Taliesin West, view of the southside.jpg|left|thumb|Image of Taliesin West. Wright's remains were relocated from Wisconsin to [[Taliesin West]] against Wright's own expressed wishes.]]

After Wright's death, most of his archives were stored at the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation in Taliesin (in Wisconsin), and Taliesin West (in Arizona). These collections included more than 23,000 architectural drawings, some 44,000 photographs, 600 manuscripts, and more than 300,000 pieces of office and personal correspondence. It also contained about 40 large-scale architectural models, most of which were constructed for MoMA's retrospective of Wright in 1940.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news|last=Pogrebin|first=Robin|date=September 4, 2012|title=A Vast Frank Lloyd Wright Archive Is Moving to New York|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/04/arts/design/frank-lloyd-wright-collection-moves-to-moma-and-columbia.html|access-date=March 5, 2023|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 2012, to guarantee a high level of conservation and access, as well as to transfer the considerable financial burden of maintaining the archive,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pogrebin|first=Robin|date=March 9, 2014|title=Models Preserve Wright's Dreams|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/10/arts/design/models-preserve-wrights-dreams.html|access-date=March 5, 2023|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation partnered with the [[Museum of Modern Art]] and the [[Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library]] of [[Columbia University]] to move the archive's content to New York. Wright's furniture and art collection remains with the foundation, which will also have a role in monitoring the archive. These three parties established an advisory group to oversee exhibitions, symposiums, events, and publications.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

Photographs and other archival materials are held by the [[Ryerson & Burnham|Ryerson and Burnham Libraries]] at the Art Institute of Chicago. The architect's personal archives are located at Taliesin West in Scottsdale, Arizona. The Frank Lloyd Wright archives include photographs of his drawings, indexed correspondence beginning in the 1880s and continuing through Wright's life, and other ephemera. The Getty Research Center, Los Angeles, also has copies of Wright's correspondence and photographs of his drawings in their Frank Lloyd Wright Special Collection. Wright's correspondence is indexed in ''An Index to the Taliesin Correspondence'', ed. by Professor [[Anthony Alofsin]], which is available at larger libraries.

The [[Oak Park Public Library]] has various materials concerning Frank Lloyd Wright, including one of his original portfolios.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Library |first=Oak Park Public |date=2016-12-14 |title=A closer look at Wright's legacy |url=https://www.oppl.org/news-events/special-collections/a-closer-look-at-wrights-legacy/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Oak Park Public Library |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Destroyed Wright buildings===
[[File:Imperial Hotel FFW 1.jpg|thumb|[[Imperial Hotel, Tokyo]] (1923)]]
Wright designed more than 400 built structures,<ref>''The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright: A Complete Catalog,'' by William Allin Storrer, University of Chicago Press, 1992 (third edition)</ref> of which about 300 survived {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023|reason=Needs reference for number of remaining buildings}} At least five have been lost to forces of nature: the waterfront house for W. L. Fuller in [[Pass Christian, Mississippi]], destroyed by [[Hurricane Camille]] in August 1969; the [[Louis Sullivan Bungalow]] of [[Ocean Springs, Mississippi]], destroyed by [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005; and the [[Arinobu Fukuhara House]] (1918) in [[Hakone, Kanagawa|Hakone, Japan]], destroyed in the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]]. In January 2006, the [[Wilbur Wynant House]] in [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], Indiana was destroyed by fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaltrust.org/magazine/archives/arc_news_2006/011706.htm |title=Preservation Online: Today's News Archives: Fire Guts Rare FLW House in Indiana |publisher=Nationaltrust.org |access-date=October 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220045039/http://www.nationaltrust.org/Magazine/archives/arc_news_2006/011706.htm|archive-date=February 20, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018 the [[Arch Oboler]] complex in Malibu, California was gutted in the [[Woolsey Fire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://franklloydwright.org/frank-lloyd-wrights-arch-oboler-complex-appears-gutted-by-california-fire/|title=Frank Lloyd Wright's Arch Oboler Complex Appears Gutted by California Fire|date=November 28, 2018|website=Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation}}</ref>

Many other notable Wright buildings were intentionally demolished: [[Midway Gardens]] (built 1913, demolished 1929), the [[Larkin Administration Building]] (built 1903, demolished 1950), the Francis Apartments and Francisco Terrace Apartments (Chicago, built 1895, demolished 1971 and 1974, respectively), the Geneva Inn (Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, built 1911, demolished 1970), and the [[Banff National Park Pavilion]] (built 1914, demolished 1934). The [[Imperial Hotel, Tokyo|Imperial Hotel]] (built 1923) survived the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]], but was demolished in 1968 due to urban developmental pressures.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bernstein|first=Fred A.|date=April 2, 2006|title=Near Nagoya, Architecture From When the East Looked West|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/02/travel/near-nagoya-architecture-from-when-the-east-looked-west.html|access-date=March 5, 2023|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[Hoffman Auto Showroom]] in New York City (built 1954) was demolished in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/remembering-frank-lloyd-wrights-bijou/|title=Remembering Frank Lloyd Wright's Demolished Car Showroom |date=May 9, 2013 |first1=Debra |last1=Pickrel |website=Metropolis Magazine }}</ref>

===Unbuilt and posthumously built===
[[File:Crystal Heights design from above.jpg|thumb|The unbuilt [[Crystal Heights]] project in Washington, D.C.]]
Several of Wright's projects either were built after his death or remain unbuilt. These include:
* [[Crystal Heights]], a large mixed-use development in Washington, D.C., 1940 ''(unbuilt)''
* [[The Illinois]], mile-high tower in Chicago, 1956 ''(unbuilt)''
* [[Marin County Civic Center]], a municipal complex in San Rafael, California; groundbreaking occurred just one year after Wright's death
* [[Monona Terrace]], convention center in Madison, Wisconsin; designed 1938–1959, built in 1997
* Clubhouse at the Nakoma Golf Resort, [[Plumas County, California]]; designed in 1923, opened in 2000
* Passive Solar Hemi-Cycle Home in Hawaii; designed in 1954, built in 1995

===Recognition===
[[File:FrankLloydWright1966USstamp.jpg|thumb|A 1966 U.S. postage stamp honoring Wright]]
Later in his life (and after his death in 1959), Wright was accorded significant honorary recognition for his lifetime achievements. He received a Gold Medal award from The [[Royal Institute of British Architects]] in 1941. The [[American Institute of Architects]] awarded him the [[AIA Gold Medal]] in 1949. That medal was a symbolic "burying the hatchet" between Wright and the AIA. In a radio interview, he commented, "Well, the AIA I never joined, and they know why. When they gave me the gold medal in Houston, I told them frankly why. Feeling that the architecture profession is all that's the matter with architecture, why should I join them?"<ref name="archive" /> He was awarded the [[Franklin Institute]]'s [[Frank P. Brown Medal]] in 1953. He received honorary degrees from several universities (including his ''alma mater'', the University of Wisconsin), and several nations named him as an honorary board member to their national academies of art and/or architecture. In 2000, Fallingwater was named "The Building of the 20th century" in an unscientific "Top-Ten" poll taken by members attending the AIA annual convention in Philadelphia.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} On that list, Wright was listed along with many of the USA's other greatest architects including [[Eero Saarinen]], [[I.M. Pei]], [[Louis Kahn]], [[Philip Johnson]], and [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]]; he was the only architect who had more than one building on the list. The other three buildings were the Guggenheim Museum, the Frederick C. Robie House, and the Johnson Wax Building.

In 1992, the [[Madison Opera]] in Madison, Wisconsin, commissioned and premiered the opera ''[[Shining Brow]]'', by composer [[Daron Hagen]] and [[libretto|librettist]] [[Paul Muldoon]] based on events early in Wright's life. The work has since received numerous revivals, including a June 2013 revival at Fallingwater, in Bull Run, Pennsylvania, by Opera Theater of Pittsburgh. In 2000, ''[[Work Song: Three Views of Frank Lloyd Wright]]'', a play based on the relationship between the personal and working aspects of Wright's life, debuted at the [[Milwaukee Repertory Theater]].

In 1966, the [[United States Postal Service]] honored Wright with a [[Prominent Americans series]] 2¢ postage stamp.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2c Frank Lloyd Wright single |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1980.2493.5544 |access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=National Postal Museum |language=en}}</ref>

"[[So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright]]" is a song written by [[Paul Simon]]. [[Art Garfunkel]] has stated that the origin of the song came from his request that Simon write a song about the famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Simon himself stated that he knew nothing about Wright, but proceeded to write the song anyway.<ref name=fire>{{cite book|title= Fire and Rain: The Beatles, Simon and Garfunkel, James Taylor, CSNY, and the Bittersweet Story of 1970|author= Browne, D|pages= [https://archive.org/details/firerainbeatless00brow_0/page/45 45–46, 164–165]|publisher= Da Capo Press|year= 2011|isbn= 978-0-306-81850-9|url=https://archive.org/details/firerainbeatless00brow_0/page/45}}</ref>

In 1957, Arizona made plans to construct a new capitol building. Believing that the submitted plans for the new capitol were tombs to the past, Frank Lloyd Wright offered ''Oasis'' as an alternative to the people of Arizona.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oasis – Frank Lloyd Wright's Design for the Capitol|url=http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/landingpage/collection/oasis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926031805/http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/landingpage/collection/oasis|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 26, 2012|website=Arizona Library|publisher=Arizona Capitol Museum|access-date=November 27, 2014}}</ref> In 2004, one of the spires included in his design was erected in Scottsdale.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/frank-lloyd-wright-spire | title=Frank Lloyd Wright Spire }}</ref>

The city of [[Scottsdale, Arizona]] renamed a portion of [[Bell Road]], a major east–west thoroughfare in the [[Phoenix metropolitan area]], in honor of Frank Lloyd Wright.

Eight of Wright's buildings – [[Fallingwater]], the [[Guggenheim Museum]], the [[Hollyhock House]], the [[Herbert and Katherine Jacobs First House|Jacobs House]], the [[Robie House]], [[Taliesin (studio)|Taliesin]], [[Taliesin West]], and the [[Unity Temple]] – were inscribed on the list of [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] under the title ''[[The 20th-century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright]]'' in July 2019. UNESCO stated that these buildings were "innovative solutions to the needs for housing, worship, work or leisure" and "had a strong impact on the development of modern architecture in Europe".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/2006|title=Two cultural sites added to UNESCO's World Heritage List|website=UNESCO|date=July 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/07/07/739359081/unesco-adds-8-frank-lloyd-wright-buildings-to-its-list-of-world-heritage-sites | title = UNESCO Adds 8 Frank Lloyd Wright Buildings To Its List Of World Heritage Sites  |first=  Josh | last = Axelrod | date = July 7, 2019 | access-date = July 7, 2019 | work = [[NPR]] }}</ref>

===Family===

Frank Lloyd Wright was married three times, fathering four sons and three daughters. He also adopted Svetlana Milanoff, the daughter of his third wife, Olgivanna Lloyd Wright.<ref>{{cite web|author=ascedia.com|url=http://www.taliesinpreservation.org/frank/faq.htm#Wives_children|title=Taliesin Preservation, Inc. – Frank Lloyd Wright – FAQs|publisher=Taliesinpreservation.org|access-date=October 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610011735/http://www.taliesinpreservation.org/frank/faq.htm#Wives_children|archive-date=June 10, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

His wives/partners were:

* Catherine "Kitty" (Tobin) Wright (1871–1959); social worker, socialite (married in June 1889; divorced November 1922)
* Martha Bouton "Mamah" Borthwick (June 19, 1869 – August 15, 1914) was an American translator who had a romantic relationship with architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1909–1914), which ended when she was murdered after a male servant set fire to the living quarters of Taliesin and murdered seven people with an axe as they fled the burning structure.
* Maude "Miriam" (Noel) Wright (1869–1930), artist (married in November 1923; divorced August 1927)
* Olga Ivanovna "Olgivanna" (Lazovich Milanoff) Lloyd Wright (1897–1985), dancer and writer (married in August 1928)

His children with Catherine were:

* [[Frank Lloyd Wright Jr.]], known as Lloyd Wright (1890–1978), became a notable architect in Los Angeles. Lloyd's son, [[Eric Lloyd Wright]] (1929–2023), was an architect in [[Malibu, California]], specializing in residences, but also designed civic and commercial buildings.
* [[John Lloyd Wright]] (1892–1972), invented [[Lincoln Logs]] in 1918, and practiced architecture extensively in the San Diego area. John's daughter, [[Elizabeth Wright Ingraham]] (1922–2013), was an architect in [[Colorado Springs, Colorado]]. She was the mother of [https://www.fletchercameron.com/design-team Christine], an interior designer in Connecticut, and [[Catherine Ingraham|Catherine]], an architecture professor at the [[Pratt Institute]].<ref name="Reflecting Pools">

{{cite news|last=Mann |first=Leslie|title=Reflecting pools: Descendants follow in Frank Lloyd Wright's footsteps|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2008/02/03/reflecting-pools/ |work=Chicago Tribune|date=February 1, 2008|access-date=March 28, 2008}}</ref>

* Catherine Wright Baxter (1894–1979) was a homemaker and the mother of Oscar-winning actress [[Anne Baxter]]. Anne Baxter is the mother of Melissa Galt, an interior designer in Scottsdale, Arizona. 
* [[David Samuel Wright]] (1895–1997) was a building-products representative for whom Wright designed the [[David & Gladys Wright House]], which was rescued from demolition and given to the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kimmelman|first=Michael|title=Wright Masterwork Is Seen in a New Light: A Fight for Its Life|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/03/arts/design/frank-lloyd-wright-house-in-phoenix-faces-bulldozers.html?emc=eta1&_r=0|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 2, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rose|first=Jaimee|title=Growing up Wright|url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/arizonaliving/articles/2009/03/14/20090314frankfamily0314.html?nclick_check=1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117113851/http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/arizonaliving/articles/2009/03/14/20090314frankfamily0314.html?nclick_check=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 17, 2013|newspaper=The Arizona Republic|date=March 14, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.houzz.com/magazine/stsetivw-vs~52640316|title=Step Inside a Frank Lloyd Wright House Saved From Demolition|website=Houzz}}</ref>
* Frances Wright Caroe (1898–1959) was an arts administrator.
* Robert Llewellyn Wright (1903–1986) was an attorney for whom Wright designed a house in Bethesda, Maryland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mht.maryland.gov/nr/NRDetail.aspx?NRID=963&FROM=NRMapMO.html|title=Robert Llewellyn Wright House|website=Maryland Historical Trust}}</ref>

His children with Olgivanna were:

* Svetlana Peters (1917–1946, adopted daughter of Olgivanna) was a musician who died in an automobile accident with her son Daniel. After Svetlana's death her other son, Brandoch Peters (1941–2022), was raised by Frank and Olgivanna. Svetlana's widower, [[William Wesley Peters]], was later briefly married to [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]], the youngest child and only daughter of [[Joseph Stalin]]. William Wesley Peters served as chairman of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation from 1985 to 1991.
* Iovanna Lloyd Wright (1925–2015) was an artist and musician.