Editing Foreign relations of Spain (section)

===Europe===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Date formal relations began
! style="width:50%;"| Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Albania}}||{{dts|12 September 1986}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Albania–Spain relations]]

* Albania has an embassy in [[Madrid]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambasadat.gov.al/spain/en |title=Embassy of Albania in Madrid (in English and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Tirana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/tirana/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Tirana (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202001423/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Tirana/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> 
* Both countries are full members of the [[NATO]]. 
* Albania is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Accession of Albania to the European Union|candidate]] and Spain is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Member state of the European Union|member]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Andorra}}||{{dts|3 June 1993}}<ref name=":51" />||See [[Andorra–Spain relations]]

* Andorra has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mae.ad/es/embajadas-de-andorra/embajada-andorra-espana |title=Embassy of Andorra in Madrid (in Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Andorra la Vella]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/andorra/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Andorra la Vella (in English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2021-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207021141/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Andorra/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Austria}}||{{dts|28 March 1956}}<ref name=":03"/>
|See [[Austria–Spain relations]]

* Austria has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Vienna]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[Council of Europe]].
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|{{flag|Belarus}}||{{dts|13 February 1992}}<ref name=":3" />
|See [[Belarus–Spain relations]]
* Belarus has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
* Both countries are full members of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111003123658/http://www.maec.es/SiteCollectionDocuments/Monografias/Belarus.pdf  Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation about relations with Belarus (in Spanish only)]
* [https://diplomaticmonitor.org/c2c/ES-BY Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation: Spanish representations in Belarus]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Belgium}}||{{dts|21 January 1921}}<ref name=":35" />
|See [[Belgium–Spain relations]]
* Belgium has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Brussels]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina }}||{{dts|14 December 1992}}<ref name=":50" />||See [[Bosnia and Herzegovina–Spain relations]]

* Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Sarajevo]]. 
* Bosnia and Herzegovina is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union|candidate]] and Spain is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Member state of the European Union|member]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}||{{dts|5 August 1910}}<ref name=":12" />||See also [[Bulgaria–Spain relations]]

* Relations were severed in 1946 and were restored in 1970 at the level of consular office and trade mission.
* Since January 27, 1970, the diplomatic relations were elevated to embassy-level.
* Bulgaria has an embassy in Madrid and an honorary consulate in [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.bg/embassies/spain/setlang/en |title=Embassy of Bulgaria in Madrid (in Bulgarian, English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205100706/http://www.mfa.bg/embassies/spain/setlang/en |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Sofia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/sofia/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Sofia (in Bulgarian and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202002026/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Sofia/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100105234216/http://www.maec.es/es/MenuPpal/Paises/ArbolPaises/Bulgaria/Monografia/Documents/Bulgaria.pdf  Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Bulgaria (in Spanish)]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Croatia}}||{{dts|9 March 1992}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Croatia–Spain relations]]

* Croatia has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://es.mvep.hr/es/ |title=Embassy of Croatia in Madrid (in Croatian and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205081722/http://es.mvep.hr/es/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Zagreb]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/zagreb/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Zagreb (in Croatian, English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202002311/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Zagreb/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [http://www.mvpei.hr/CustomPages/Static/HRV//templates/_frt_bilateralni_odnosi_po_drzavama_en.asp?id=174 Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration: list of bilateral treaties with Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719031620/http://www.mvpei.hr/CustomPages/Static/HRV//templates/_frt_bilateralni_odnosi_po_drzavama_en.asp?id=174 |date=2011-07-19}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100705022547/http://www.maec.es/SiteCollectionDocuments/Monografias/Croacia.pdf Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Croatia (in Spanish only)]
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Cyprus}}||{{dts|22 December 1967}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Cyprus–Spain relations]]

* Cyprus has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Nicosia]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]], the [[Council of Europe]] and of the [[Union for the Mediterranean]]. 
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|{{flag|Czech Republic}}||{{dts|19 June 1919}}<ref name=":34" />||See [[Czech Republic–Spain relations]]

* Czech Republic has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Prague]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
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|{{flag|Denmark}}||{{dts|1 April 1516}}<ref name=":0" />||See [[Denmark–Spain relations]]

* Denmark has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://spanien.um.dk/es.aspx |title=Embassy of Denmark in Madrid (in Danish and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204180524/http://spanien.um.dk/es.aspx |archive-date=2014-12-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Copenhagen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/copenhague/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Copenhagen (in Danish, English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2018-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926010614/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/COPENHAGUE/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
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|{{flag|Estonia}}||{{dts|10 September 1991}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Estonia–Spain relations]]

* Estonia has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Tallinn]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
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|{{flag|Finland }}||{{dts|16 August 1918}}<ref name="ties" />||See [[Finland–Spain relations]]

* Finland has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Helsinki]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]]. 
* Spain fully supported Finland's application to join NATO, which resulted in membership on 4 April 2023.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|France}}||{{dts|1486}}<ref name=":20" />||See [[France–Spain relations]]

* France has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona, [[Bilbao]] and [[Seville]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ambafrance-es.org/| title=Embassy of France in Madrid (in French and Spanish)| access-date=2014-11-29| archive-date=2014-11-29| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129150727/http://www.ambafrance-es.org/| url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Paris]] and consulates-general in [[Bayonne]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Lyon]], [[Montpellier]], [[Marseille]], [[Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Pau]], [[Perpignan]], [[Strasbourg]] and [[Toulouse]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/paris/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Paris (in French and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201235653/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Paris/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''See also'': [[Spaniards in France]]
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
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|{{flag|Germany}}||{{dts|6 November 1952}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Germany–Spain relations]]

* Germany has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona and [[Seville]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spanien.diplo.de/Vertretung/spanien/es/Startseite.html |title=Embassy of Germany in Madrid (in German and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416200901/http://www.spanien.diplo.de/Vertretung/spanien/es/Startseite.html |archive-date=2016-04-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Berlin]] and consulates-general in [[Düsseldorf]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Hamburg]], [[Hanover]], [[Munich]] and [[Stuttgart]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/berlin/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx| title=Embassy of Spain in Berlin (in German and Spanish)| access-date=2014-11-29| archive-date=2016-04-10| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410070629/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Berlin/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx| url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''See also'': [[Spaniards in Germany]]
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
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|{{flag|Greece }}||{{dts|6 December 1835}}<ref name=":24" />||See [[Greece–Spain relations]]

Both countries maintain enhanced cooperation on the serious problem of illegal migration, which they have in common. The need for effective confrontation of the illegal migration pressures on both states in the Mediterranean basin have led to close cooperation both bilaterally and within the framework of the European Union.
* Greece has an embassy in Madrid and 9 honorary consulates in [[Barcelona]], [[Bilbao]], [[Huelva]], [[La Coruña]], [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]], [[Málaga]], [[Palma de Mallorca]], [[Seville]] and [[Valencia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gr/spain/ |title=Embassy of Greece in Madrid (in Greek and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Athens]] and an honorary consulate in [[Thessaloniki]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/atenas/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Athens (in English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202002931/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Atenas/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]], [[NATO]] and of the [[Union for the Mediterranean]].
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|{{flag|Holy See}}||{{DECADE|1400}}<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See |url=https://holyseemission.org/contents/mission/diplomatic-relations-of-the-holy-see.php |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref>||See [[Holy See–Spain relations]]

* The Holy See has a [[nunciature]] in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy to the Holy See based in [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/SANTASEDE/es/Embajada/Paginas/HorariosLocalizacionContacto.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain to the Holy See (in Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120191324/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/SANTASEDE/es/Embajada/Paginas/HorariosLocalizacionContacto.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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|{{flag|Hungary}}||{{dts|December 1944}}<ref name=":37">{{Cite news |date=10 February 2017 |title=Hungría y España conmemoran 40 años de restablecimiento de relaciones |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20170210/414220095739/hungria-y-espana-conmemoran-40-anos-de-restablecimiento-de-relaciones.html |access-date=13 July 2022 |language=es}}</ref>||See [[Hungary–Spain relations]]

* Hungary has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://madrid.mfa.gov.hu/esp |title=Embassy of Hungary in Madrid (in Hungarian and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Budapest]].<ref>[http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/budapest/es/Paginas/inicio.aspxEmbassy of Spain in Budapest (in English and Spanish)]{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> 
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
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|{{flag|Iceland}}||{{dts|20 September 1949}}<ref name=":39" />||See [[Iceland–Spain relations]]

* Iceland is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
* Spain is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway and maintains an honorary consulate in [[Reykjavík]]. 
* Both countries are full members of the [[NATO]].
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|{{flag|Ireland}}||{{dts|September 1935}}<ref name=":36">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Ireland and Spain |url=https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/spain/about-us/the-embassys-history/ |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref>||See [[Ireland–Spain relations]]

* Ireland has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/Spain/ |title=Embassy of Ireland in Madrid (in English and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Dublin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/dublin/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Dublin (in English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202003117/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Dublin/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[Council of Europe]].
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|{{flag|Italy}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Italy–Spain relations]]

Both countries established diplomatic relations after the unification of Italy. Relations between Italy and Spain have remained strong and affable for centuries owing to various political, cultural, and historical connections between the two nations. In the [[History of early modern Italy|Early modern period]], [[southern Italy|southern]] and [[insular Italy]] came under Spanish control, having been previously a domain of the [[Crown of Aragon]]. This extended period of foreign domination left marked influences in the modern [[Neapolitan language|southern Italian dialects]]. During the [[Spanish Civil War]], the [[Corpo Truppe Volontarie|Corps of Volunteer Troops]], a fascist expeditionary force from Italy, supported the Nationalist forces led by [[Francisco Franco]]. It's estimated that around 75,000 Italians fought in the war.
* Italy has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambmadrid.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Madrid |title=Embassy of Italy in Madrid (in Italian and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203090046/http://www.ambmadrid.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Madrid/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Rome]] and consulates-general in [[Genoa]], [[Milan]] and [[Naples]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/roma/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Rome (in Italian and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201185715/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/ROMA/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]], [[NATO]] and of the [[Union for the Mediterranean]].
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|{{flag|Latvia}}||{{dts|9 October 1991}}<ref name=":46" />||See [[Latvia–Spain relations]]

* Latvia has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Riga]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
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|{{flag|Lithuania}}||{{dts|7 October 1991}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Lithuania–Spain relations]]

* Lithuania has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Vilnius]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
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|{{flag|Luxembourg}}||{{dts|9 February 1891}}<ref name=":30" />||See [[Luxembourg–Spain relations]]

* Luxembourg has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Luxembourg City]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
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|{{flag|Malta}}||{{dts|7 June 1968}}<ref name=":42" />
|See [[Malta–Spain relations]]
* Malta has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>[https://diplomaticmonitor.org/c2c/MT-ES Malta in Spain] </ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Valletta]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/LAVALETA/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx| title=Embassy of Spain in Valletta (in Spanish)| access-date=2014-11-29| archive-date=2014-12-02| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202003333/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/lavaleta/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx| url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]], the [[Council of Europe]] and of the [[Union for the Mediterranean]].
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|{{flag|Moldova}}||{{dts|31 January 1992}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Moldova–Spain relations]]

* Moldova has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spania.mfa.md/ |title=Embassy of Moldova in Madrid (in Moldovan) |access-date=2021-01-21 |archive-date=2020-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923002130/https://www.spania.mfa.md/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Spain is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. 
* Both countries are full members of the [[Council of Europe]]. 
* Moldova is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Accession of Moldova to the European Union|candidate]] and Spain is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Member state of the European Union|member]].
* In 2008, the Spanish government indicated that 12,582 Moldovan citizens were legally working there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://extranjeros.mtas.es/es/InformacionEstadistica/Informes/Extranjeros31Diciembre2008/Tabla_11/index.html |title=Extranjeros con tarjeta de residencia en vigor incluidos en el Régimen General según nacionalidad y tipo de autorización de residencia. 31-12-2008 |access-date=2009-06-01 |publisher=Secretaría de Estado de Inmigración y Emigración}}</ref> Spain is a significant investor in Moldova through [[Unión Fenosa]] which owns three of Moldova's five energy distribution companies.<ref name=uk>{{cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/europe/moldova?profile=all |title=Moldova |access-date=2009-06-01 |publisher=[[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526025449/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/europe/moldova/?profile=all |archive-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Monaco}}||{{dts|2 June 1876}}<ref name=":28" />||See [[Monaco–Spain relations]]

* Monaco has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France.
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|{{flag|Montenegro}}||{{dts|11 December 2006}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Montenegro–Spain relations]] 
* Montenegro has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain is accredited to Montenegro from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia. 
* Both countries are full members of the [[NATO]]. 
* Spain supports [[Accession of Montenegro to the European Union|Montenegro's EU membership]].
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|{{flag|Netherlands}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Netherlands–Spain relations]]

* Netherlands has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[The Hague]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
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|{{flag|North Macedonia}}||{{dts|28 July 1994}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[North Macedonia–Spain relations]]

* North Macedonia has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Skopje]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[NATO]]. 
* North Macedonia is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union|candidate]] and Spain is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Member state of the European Union|member]].
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|{{flag|Norway}}||{{dts|26 November 1905}}<ref name=":31" />||See [[Norway–Spain relations]]

* Norway has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Oslo]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[NATO]].
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|{{flag|Poland}}||{{dts|17 September 1919}}<ref name=":2" />||See [[Poland–Spain relations]]

* Poland has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Warsaw]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
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|{{flag|Portugal}}||{{dts|5 October 1143}}<ref name=":19" />||See [[Portugal–Spain relations]]
Portugal's copy of the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] (1494) divided the New World between Portugal and Castile. During the 15th century, Portugal built increasingly large fleets of ships and began to explore the world beyond Europe, sending explorers to Africa and Asia. Castile followed suit decades later. Following the first Spanish voyage of [[Christopher Columbus]] to the Caribbean in 1492, both states began acquiring territory in the New World. As a result of the 1494 [[Treaty of Tordesillas]], Portugal acquired its most potentially important colony, [[colony of Brazil|Brazil]] (much of the [[South America]]n continent), as well as a number of possessions in Africa and Asia, while Castile took the rest of South America and much of the North American continent as well as a number of possessions in Africa, Oceanía and Asia as the important colony of the [[Philippines]]. This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde Islands (already Portuguese) and the islands claimed for Castile by Columbus on his first voyage. Although the Treaty of Tordesillas attempted to clarify their empires, many subsequent treaties were needed to establish the modern boundaries of Brazil and the 1529 [[Treaty of Zaragoza]] was needed to demarcate their Asian possessions.

[[Henry, King of Portugal|Henry of Portugal]], reigned until his death (31 January 1580). He lacked heirs and his death triggered a [[1580 Portuguese succession crisis|succession crisis]], where the main claimants to the throne were [[Philip II of Spain]] and [[Anthony, Prior of Crato]]. After the Spanish victory in the [[War of Portuguese Succession]] Philip of Spain was crowned king of Portugal in 1581, beginning a personal union between the two nations known as the [[Iberian Union]] generating a decline of the Portuguese Empire during the period of Union. The Iberian Union lasted for almost sixty years until 1640, when the [[Portuguese Restoration War]] was initiated against Spain and Portugal reestablished the Portuguese dynasty under the [[House of Bragança|Bragança]].

Relations between Portugal and Spain are also good. They cooperate in the fight against drug trafficking and tackling forest fires (common in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in summers), for example. These close relations are facilitated by similar governments: the government of conservative Spanish PM [[José María Aznar]] coincided with the government of also conservative [[José Manuel Durão Barroso]] in Portugal; today, both [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] of Spain and [[José Sócrates]] of Portugal are [[socialist]]s.

Portugal also holds claim to the disputed territory of [[Olivenza|Olivença]] in the Portuguese-Spanish border.
* Portugal has an embassy in Madrid, consulates-general in [[Barcelona]] and [[Seville]], and a vice-consulate in [[Vigo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.madrid.embaixadaportugal.mne.pt/es/ |title=Embassy of Portugal in Madrid |access-date=2020-03-08 |archive-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028032014/https://www.madrid.embaixadaportugal.mne.pt/es/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Lisbon]] and a consulate-general in [[Porto]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Lisboa/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Lisbon |access-date=2020-03-08 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506131333/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/LISBOA/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]], [[NATO]] and of the [[Union for the Mediterranean]].
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|{{flag|Romania}}||{{dts|5 July 1881}}<ref name=":29" />||See [[Romania–Spain relations]]

* Romania has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona, [[Bilbao]] and [[Seville]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://madrid.mae.ro/es |title=Embassy of Romania in Madrid (in Romanian and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Bucharest]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/bucarest/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Bucharest (in English, Romanian and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2020-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018161918/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Bucarest/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]], of the [[NATO]] and of the [[Latin Union]].
* There are around 730,000 people of [[Romanian diaspora|Romanian descent]] living in Spain.
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|{{flag|Russia}}||{{dts|20 July 1812}}<ref name=":23" />||See [[Russia–Spain relations]]

Spain and the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] first exchanged [[Envoy (title)|envoy]]s in the 1520s; regular embassies were established in 1722. [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-Spanish relations, once terminated after the [[Spanish Civil War]], were gradually reestablished since 1963 and fully established in 1977. Trade between two countries amounts to two billion [[Euro]]s (2008); in March 2009 two countries signed an energy agreement providing national energy companies access to other party's domestic markets.
* Russia has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spain.mid.ru/es_ES/ |title=Embassy of Russia in Madrid (in Russian and Spanish)}}</ref>
* Spain has an [[Embassy of Spain in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]] and a consulate-general in [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/moscu/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Moscow (in English and Spanish) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2013-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806222940/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/MOSCU/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''See also'': [[Russians in Spain]] 
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|{{flag|Serbia}}||{{dts|14 October 1916}}<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":33" />||See [[Serbia–Spain relations]]

* In light of the [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|February 2008 unilateral declaration of independence]] by the [[Kosovo]] authorities, Spain has become a staunch supporter of Serbia's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and relations have thrived in recent years as a result.
* Serbia has an embassy in Madrid.<ref>[http://www.embajada-serbia.es/  Embassy of Serbia in Madrid (in Serbian and Spanish)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119133439/http://www.embajada-serbia.es/ |date=2014-11-19}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in [[Belgrade]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/belgrado/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx| title=Embassy of Spain in Belgrade (in Serbian and Spanish only)| access-date=2014-11-29| archive-date=2021-11-12| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112011526/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/belgrado/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx| url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Serbia is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Accession of Serbia to the European Union|candidate]] and Spain is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Member state of the European Union|member]].
* [http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/Spain/index_e.html    Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814073945/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/Spain/index_e.html |date=2009-08-14}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110524111650/http://www.maec.es/SiteCollectionDocuments/Monografias/Serbia.pdf  Spanish Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Serbia (in Spanish only)]
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|{{flag|Slovakia}}||{{dts|1 January 1993}}<ref name=":3" />||See [[Slovakia–Spain relations]]

* Slovakia has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Bratislava]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
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|{{flag|Slovenia}}||{{dts|25 March 1992}}<ref name=":47" />||See [[Slovenia–Spain relations]]

* Slovenia has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Ljubljana]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]] and of the [[NATO]].
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|{{flag|Sweden}}||{{dts|1651}}<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |title=Tratado de diplomática ó Estado de relaciones de las potencias de Europa entre si y con los demás pueblos del globo |year=1835 |pages=74 |language=es}}</ref>||See [[Spain–Sweden relations]]

* Spain has an embassy in [[Stockholm]].
* Sweden has an embassy in Madrid.
* Both countries are full members of the [[European Union]], the [[NATO]] and of the [[Council of Europe]]. 
* Spain fully supported Sweden's application to join NATO, which resulted in membership on 7 March 2024.
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|{{flag|Switzerland}}||{{dts|14 February 1939}}<ref name=":03"/>||See [[Spain–Switzerland relations]]

* Spain has an embassy in [[Bern]].
* Switzerland has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.
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|{{flag|Ukraine}}||{{dts|30 January 1992}}<ref name="Europe" />
|See [[Spain–Ukraine relations]]
* Spain recognized Ukraine's independence in 1991.
* Spain has an embassy in [[Kyiv]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/kiev/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |title=Embassy of Spain in Kyiv (in Spanish and Ukrainian) |access-date=2014-11-29 |archive-date=2014-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202004105/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Kiev/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Ukraine has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in [[Barcelona]] and a consulate in [[Málaga]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spain.mfa.gov.ua/es |title=Embassy of Ukraine in Madrid (in Spanish and Ukrainian)}}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Council of Europe]]. Since 1991, many [[Ukrainians]] have emigrated to Spain to work. 
* Spain is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Member state of the European Union|member]] and Ukraine is an [[European Union|EU]] [[Accession of Ukraine to the European Union|candidate]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111003123754/http://www.maec.es/SiteCollectionDocuments/Monografias/Ucrania.pdf Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ukraine (in Spanish only)]
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|{{flag|United Kingdom}}|| 1505 ||See [[Spain–United Kingdom relations]]
Spain established [[Foreign relations of the United Kingdom|diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom]] in 1505.<ref name="britain"/>{{failed verification|reason=The source does not state when Spain and the United Kingdom established diplomatic relations.|date=March 2025}} 
*Spain maintains an [[Embassy of Spain, London|embassy]] in [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Diplomat Magazine|date=8 May 2017|url=https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/europe/spain/|title=Spain|website=Diplomat Magazine|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311224509/https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/europe/spain/|archive-date=11 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The United Kingdom is accredited to Spain through its [[Embassy of the United Kingdom, Madrid|embassy]] in Madrid, a consulate general Barcelona, and consulates in Alicante, [[Ibiza]], Las Palmas, Malaga, Palma de Mallorca, and Santa Cruz de Tenerife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-madrid|title=British Embassy Madrid|website=[[gov.uk|GOV.UK]]|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420140738/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-madrid|archive-date=20 April 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

Both countries share common membership of the [[Council of Europe]], the [[European Court of Human Rights]], the [[International Criminal Court]], [[NATO]], the [[OECD]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], and the [[World Trade Organization]]. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.<ref>{{Cite web|author=[[HM Revenue and Customs]]|date=24 May 2006|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/spain-tax-treaties|title=Spain: tax treaties|website=GOV.UK|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=6 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306092722/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/spain-tax-treaties|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}