Editing Enema (section)

=== Modern Western ===

[[File:Klistierbank1.JPG|thumb|Portable enema self-administration apparatus by [[Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla]] (18th century; Medical History Museum, University of Zurich)]]

[[File:Clyster syringes.jpg|thumb|A normal clyster syringe ''(front)'' and the nozzle for a syringe designed for self-administration ''(rear)''. The latter avoided the need for a second party to attend an embarrassing procedure.]]

Beginning in the 17th century, enema apparatus was chiefly designed for self-administration at home, and many were French as enemas enjoyed wide usage in France.<ref name=Royal_Pharmaceutical />

In 1694 [[François Mauriceau]] in his early-modern treatise, ''The Diseases of Women with Child,'' records midwives and man-midwives commonly administered clysters to labouring mothers just before their delivery.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/adc.66.1_Spec_No.78 |title=Francois Mauriceau (1637-1709) and maternal posture for parturition |year=1991 |last1=Dunn |first1=P. M. |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |volume=66 |issue=1 Spec No |pages=78–79 |pmid=1996901 |pmc=1590357 }}</ref>

Clysters were administered for symptoms of constipation and, with more questionable effectiveness, stomach aches and other illnesses.{{when|date=July 2020}}{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}<ref>{{Cite journal |title= Chronic Constipation: Current Treatment Options|date=2011 |pmc=3206558 |last1=Liu |first1=L. W. |journal=Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=25 |issue=Suppl B |pages=22B–28B |doi=10.1155/2011/360463 |pmid=22114754 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:A monkey rejects the old style clyster for his new 'clyso-pompe', which he fills with opium and marshmallow Wellcome V0011775.jpg|thumb|19th century satirical cartoon of a monkey rejecting an old style clyster for a new design, filled with marshmallow and opium]]

In 1753, Johann Jacob Woyts described an enema bag prepared from a pig's or beef's bladder attached to a tube as an alternative to a syringe.<ref>Friedenwald & Morrison, Part II:245</ref>

In the 18th century Europeans began emulating the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas#North America|indigenous peoples of North America's]] use of tobacco smoke enemas to resuscitate drowned people.<ref name=BCMJ>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcmj.org/special-feature/special-feature-tobacco-smoke-enemas |title=Special feature: Tobacco smoke enemas |author=Sterling Haynes |date=December 2012 |work=British Columbia Medical Journal |publisher=Doctors of BC |access-date=2019-03-29 }}</ref> Tobacco resuscitation kits consisting of a pair of bellows and a tube were provided by the Royal Humane Society of London and placed at various points along the Thames.<ref name=Royal_Pharmaceutical /> Furthermore, these enemas came to be employed for headaches, respiratory failure, colds, hernias, abdominal cramps, typhoid fever, and cholera outbreaks.<ref name=BCMJ/>

Clysters were a favourite medical treatment in the [[bourgeoisie]] and [[nobility]] of the Western world up to the 19th century. As medical knowledge was fairly limited at the time, purgative clysters were used for a wide variety of [[ailment]]s, the foremost of which were [[stomach ache]]s and constipation.<ref name="Pharmacological treatment">{{cite journal |last1=Clemens |first1=Katri E. |last2=Faust |first2=Markus |last3=Jaspers |first3=Birgit |last4=Mikus |first4=Gerd |title=Pharmacological treatment of constipation in palliative care |journal=Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care |date=June 2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=183–191 |doi=10.1097/SPC.0b013e32835f1e17 |pmid=23478431 |s2cid=3283246 }}</ref>

According to [[Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon|the duc de Saint-Simon]], clysters were so popular at the court of King [[Louis XIV of France]] that [[Marie Adélaïde of Savoy|the duchess of Burgundy]] had her servant give her a clyster in front of the King (her modesty being preserved by an adequate posture) before going to the [[comedy]]. However, he also mentions the astonishment of the King and Mme de Maintenon that she should take it before them.<ref>Saint-Simon, ''Memoires'', vol. 10, [http://rouvroy.medusis.com/docs/1004.html ch. 4].</ref>

In the 19th century, many new types of enema administration equipment were devised. Devices allowing gravity to infuse the solution, like those mentioned above used by South American indigenous people and like the enema bag described by Johann Jacob Woyts, came into common use. These consist of a nozzle at the end of a hose that connects a reservoir, either a bucket or a rubber bag filled with liquid and held or hung above the recipient.<ref name=Royal_Pharmaceutical />

In the early 20th century the disposable [[#microenema|microenema]], a squeeze bottle, was invented by [[Charles Browne Fleet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsadvance.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/eedition/5/3d/53db44b6-01db-594c-9ed2-a6b4881fb211/537a39dec336e.pdf.pdf |title=Fleet |date=2014-04-27 |work=A Supplement to The News & Advance |publisher=[[The News & Advance]] |access-date=2020-01-03 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103203637/http://www.newsadvance.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/eedition/5/3d/53db44b6-01db-594c-9ed2-a6b4881fb211/537a39dec336e.pdf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>